Pakatadza Kuwirirana Kunamata Kwechokwadi Nechihedheni

MATONGO eEfeso yekare, ari pamhenderekedzo yokumadokero kweTurkey, ave ari nzvimbo yokutsvakurudza kwakanyanya mune zvokuchera matongo kwemakore anodarika zana. Zvivako zvinoverengeka zvakavakwazve, uye zviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaongororwa ndokutsanangurwa nemasayendisiti. Saka, Efeso ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzokushanyira dzinozivikanwa zvikuru muTurkey.

Chii chakawanikwa nezveEfeso? Nhasi, chii chingarondedzerwa nezveguta guru iri rekare rinonakidza? Kushanyira matongo eEfeso uye Ephesus Museum kuVienna, Austria, kungatibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kunamata kwechokwadi nechitendero chechihedheni zvakatadza kuwirirana papi muEfeso. Kutanga, ngatimboona aiva mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo.

Nzvimbo Yaidiwa Zvikuru

Kusagadzikana uye kutama-tama zvakanga zvakazara muEurasia muzana remakore rechi11 B.C.E. Panguva iyoyo vaGiriki vokuIonia vakatanga kugara pamhenderekedzo yokumadokero kweAsia Minor. Vagari ivavo vekare vakasangana nevanhu vaizivikanwa nokunamata kwavaiita mai-mwarikadzi, mwari akazozivikanwa saAtemisi weEfeso.

Pakati pezana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E., vaCimmerian vaitama-tama vakabva kuBlack Sea kuchamhembe kuti vazopamba Asia Minor. Gare gare, munenge muna 550 B.C.E., Mambo Croesus weRidhiya akatanga kutonga, mutongi aiva nesimba aizivikanwa nemhaka yepfuma yake zhinji. Nokuwedzera kwoUmambo hwePersia, Mambo Koreshi akakurira maguta eIonia, kusanganisira Efeso.

Muna 334 B.C.E., Alexander weMakedhoniya akatanga kurwisa Persia, achibva ava mutongi mutsva weEfeso. Pashure pokufa kwaAlexander zvisingatarisirwi muna 323 B.C.E., vatungamiriri vemauto ake vakakwikwidza kutonga muEfeso. Muna 133 B.C.E., Attalus III, mambo wePegamo akanga asina mwana, akasiyira Efeso kuvaRoma, zvichiita kuti ive chikamu choruwa rweRoma rweAsia.

Kunamata Kwechokwadi Kunotadza Kuwirirana Nechihedheni

Muapostora Pauro paakauya kuEfeso pakunopera kwerwendo rwake rwechipiri rwoumishinari muzana remakore rokutanga C.E., akawana guta revanhu vanenge 300 000. (Mabasa 18:19-21) Murwendo rwake rwechitatu rwoumishinari,  Pauro akadzokera kuEfeso uye akataura noushingi ari musinagogi nezvoUmambo hwaMwari. Zvisinei, pashure pemwedzi mitatu, kushora kwaiita vaJudha kwakawedzera, saka Pauro akasarudza kupa hurukuro dzake dzezuva nezuva muimba huru yechikoro chaTirano. (Mabasa 19:1, 8, 9) Basa rake rokuparidza rakatora makore maviri, achiitawo mabasa anoshamisa esimba, akadai sokuporesa kunoshamisa uye kudzinga madhimoni. (Mabasa 19:10-17) Hazvishamisi kuti vakawanda vakava vatendi! Chokwadi, shoko raJehovha rakapararira, zvokuti vakawanda vaimboita zvemashiripiti vakapisa mabhuku avo aikosha vachizvidira.—Mabasa 19:19, 20.

Kubudirira kuparidza kwaPauro hakuna kungoita kuti vakawanda vasiye kunamata mwarikadzi Atemisi chete asiwo kwakatsamwisa vaya vaitsigira kunamata kwechihedheni uku. Kugadzirwa kwetutemberi twesirivha twaAtemisi kwaiva bhizimisi rine mari. Bhizimisi ravo rava mungozi, mumwe ainzi Dhemetriyo akaita kuti vapfuri vesirivha vatange bongozozo.—Mabasa 19:23-32.

Kukakavadzana kwacho kwakazoguma nemapoka evanhu achizhambatata kwemaawa maviri achiti: “Atemisi wevaEfeso mukuru!” (Mabasa 19:34) Mheremhere yacho yapera, Pauro akakurudzirazve vaKristu vaainamata navo achibva apfuurira norwendo rwake. (Mabasa 20:1) Zvisinei, kuenda kwake kuMakedhoniya hakuna kumisa kuparara kusingadzivisiki kwechitendero chaAtemisi.

Temberi yaAtemisi Inozununguswa

Chitendero chaAtemisi chakanga chakadzika midzi muEfeso. Nguva yaMambo Croesus isati yasvika, mai-mwarikadzi Cybele ndivo vainamatwa muchitendero chenzvimbo iyoyo. Nokutaura kuti Cybele aiva noukama navanamwari vechiGiriki, Croesus aitarisira kuti agadze munhu wechitendero aizogamuchirwa nevaGiriki uye vasiri vaGiriki. Nokutsigira kwake, basa rakatanga patemberi yomutsivi waCybele, Atemisi, pakati pezana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E.

Temberi yacho yaiva kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwezvokuvaka muGirisi. Zvidhina zvakakura kudaro zvemabhuru zvakanga zvisina kumboshandiswa kuvaka chivako chakadai uye chakakura kudaro. Temberi iyoyo yakaparadzwa nomoto muna 356 B.C.E. Kwakazovakwazve imwe temberi yakaisvonaka yakaenzana nayo yaiva nzvimbo inokosha yokuwana mabasa uye yaikwezva zvikuru vaya vaishanyira nzvimbo tsvene. Temberi yakazovakwazve yaiva yakamiswa pahwaro hwakafara mamita anenge 73 uye hwakareba mamita anenge 127 uye yakafara mamita anenge 50 nokureba mamita anenge 105. Yainzi ndiyo imwe yezvishamiso zvinomwe zvenyika. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose akafara nayo. Muzivi Heracleitus weEfeso akafananidza nzira ine rima yokusvika nayo kuatari nerima rouipi, uye akati tsika dzepatemberi yacho dzakanga dzakaipa kudarika dzemhuka. Zvisinei, kune vakawanda, nzvimbo tsvene yaAtemisi muEfeso yaiita sokunge kuti yaisazomboparara. Nhau dzakaitika dzinoratidza kuti handizvo. Bhuku rinonzi Ephesos—Der neue Führer (bhuku rinotaura nhau yeEfeso) rinoti: “Pakazosvika zana remakore rechipiri, kunamatwa kwaAtemisi uye vamwe vanamwari vanozivikanwa vechiGiriki kwakaerekana kwaderera.”

 Muzana remakore rechitatu C.E., Efeso yakava nokudengenyeka kwepasi kwakakura. Uyezve, upfumi hunoshamisa hwetemberi yaAtemisi hwakapambwa nevaGoth vaifamba nomumvura kubva kuBlack Sea, avo vakabva vapisa temberi yacho. Bhuku richangobva kutaurwa rinoti: “Atemisi aigona sei kunzi mukadzi anodzivirira guta wenguva refu, nepo iye akakundwa uye akatadza kudzivirira nzvimbo yake yaaigara?”—Pisarema 135:15-18.

Pakupedzisira, zana remakore rechina C.E. rava kunopera, Mambo Theodosius I akasimbisa “chiKristu” sechitendero cheNyika. Pasina nguva, chivako chetemberi yaAtemisi chaimbova nomukurumbira chakava nzvimbo inocherwa matombo okuvakisa. Kunamatwa kwaAtemisi kwakava chinhu chenhando. Achitaura nezvenhetembo yairumbidza temberi sechishamiso chenyika yekare, mumwe mucherechedzi asina kutaurwa nezita akati: “Zvino yava dongo chairo uye nzvimbo inosiririsa zvikuru.”

Kubva Kuna Atemisi Kuenda Kuna “Amai vaMwari”

Pauro akanyevera varume vakuru veungano yeEfeso kuti pashure pokuenda kwake “mhumhi dzinodzvinyirira” dzaizooneka uye varume vaizomuka pakati pavo vo“taura zvinhu zvakamonyana.” (Mabasa 20:17, 29, 30) Ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika. Zviitiko zvinoratidza kuti kunamata kwenhema kwakazopararira muEfeso kwava chiKristu chevakaramba kutenda.

Muna 431 C.E., Efeso yakava nzvimbo yechitatu yedare renyika yose rezvechitendero, uko nyaya yaKristu yakakurukurwa. Bhuku rinonzi Ephesos—Der neue Führer rinotsanangura kuti: “VaAlexandria, avo vaiti Kristu aiva akangoita saMwari, . . . vakakunda.” Migumisiro yacho yakanga yakakura zvikuru. “Zvakasarudzwa muEfeso, apo Mariya akakwidziridzwa kubva pakuva akabereka Kristu kusvika pakuva akabereka Mwari, hazvina kungopa hwaro hwechitendero chaMariya asiwo zvakakonzera kutanga kwemapoka makuru muchechi. . . . Kukakavadzana kwacho kuchiri kupfuurira kusvikira nhasi.”

Saka, kunamatwa kwaCybele naAtemisi kwakatsiviwa nokunamatwa kwaMariya “akabereka Mwari” kana kuti “amai vamwari.” Sezvinotaura bhuku racho, “Chitendero chaMariya muEfeso . . . nanhasi chichiripo segamuchidzanwa iro risingatsananguriki kana risina kubatanidzwa neChitendero chaAtemisi.”

Kwakaraswa Munhau Dzakaitika

Kunamatwa kwaAtemisi kwapera simba, Efeso yakaparara. Kudengenyeka kwepasi, marariya, uye kufushirika zvishoma nezvishoma kwechiteshi chezvikepe nejecha kwakaita kuti upenyu muguta racho hutooma zvikuru.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechinomwe C.E., chiIslam chakanga chatanga kuwedzera zvikuru. ChiIslam hachina kungogumira pakubatanidza madzinza echiArabhu nedzidziso dzacho. Zvikepe zvechiArabhu zvakapamba Efeso muzana rose remakore rechinomwe nerechisere C.E. Kuguma kweEfeso kwakasimbiswa zvachose apo chiteshi chezvikepe chakafushirwa nejecha uye guta racho rakava murwi wematongo. Nezveguta iri raimbova rakanaka, nzvimbo duku bedzi inonzi Aya Soluk (zvino yava kunzi Selçuk) ndiyo yakasara.

Kufamba Nomumatongo eEfeso

Kuti unzwisise nezvokunaka kwaimbova kwakaita Efeso, unogona kushanyira matongo ayo. Kana ukatanga kufamba uchibva kugedhi rokumusoro, uchaerekana waona kunaka kwoMugwagwa weCuretes kusvika kuRaibhurari yeCelsus. Nechokurudyi kwomugwagwa wacho, Odeum—imba duku yemitambo yomuzana remakore rechipiri C.E.—ichakutora mwoyo. Sezvo ichikwana vanhu vanoda kusvika 1 500, zvimwe yaisangoshandiswa sekamuri redare asiwo seimba yokuonera mitambo. Kumativi ose oMugwagwa  weCuretes kune zvivako, zvakadai seNzvimbo yaiungana vanhu vehurumende kwaikurukurirwa nyaya dzine chokuita neHurumende, temberi yaHadrian, madziva evoruzhinji, uye dzimba dzakavakirwa pamawere—dzaigarwa nevaEfeso vakakurumbira.

Raibhurari yaCelsus yakavakwa muzana remakore rechipiri C.E., ichakutora mwoyo norunako rwayo. Mipumburu yayo yakawanda yaipfekerwa mutukomba twaiva kumadziro mukamuri guru rokuverengera. Mifananidzo mina iri pavharanda rakaisvonaka yairatidza unhu chaihwo hwaitarisirwa mushandi wehurumende yeRoma wepamusoro akadai saCelsus, hunoti: Sophia (uchenjeri), Arete (kunaka), Ennoia (kuzvipira), uye Episteme (zivo kana kuti kunzwisisa). Mifananidzo yokutanga kugadzirwa ingaonekwa muEphesus Museum kuVienna. Pedyo nechivanze cheraibhurari yacho, pane musuo muhombe unopinda muTetragonos agora, musika. Panzvimbo huru iyi, yakanga yakapoteredzwa netunzira tune matenga, vanhu vaiita mabasa avo enguva dzose.

Unozobva wasvika kuMarble Road, inoenda kuimba huru yemitambo. Imba yacho yakazowedzerwa kuvakwa panguva youmambo hweRoma, uye yaikwana vanhu vanenge 25 000. Vharanda rayo rakanga rakanyatsoshongedzwa nemidhuri, zviumbwa, uye mifananidzo. Unogona kufungidzira zvakajeka mheremhere huru yakamutswa naDhemetriyo, mupfuri wesirivha, pakati pemapoka evanhu akanga akaungana ipapo.

Mugwagwa unobva kuimba huru yemitambo uchienda kuchiteshi chezvikepe chomuguta wakanaka chaizvo. Wakareba anenge mamita 500 uye wakafara mamita 11, uine midhuri kumativi ose. Dzimba dzairovedzerwa muviri nevatambi uye nevamwe vepachiteshi chezvikepe dzainge dzakavakirwawo panzira iyi. Gedhi rakaisvonaka rechiteshi chacho riri nechokumucheto kwomugwagwa ndiro raibuda kuenda munyika, uye pano ndipo panogumira kutenderera kwedu kuduku tichiona mamwe ematongo enyika anokwezva. Ephesus Museum iri kuVienna ine mufananidzo wakavezwa wechivako cheguta guru iri rekare uyewo zviumbwa zvakasiyana-siyana.

Uchitenderera mumiziyamu yacho uye uchiona mufananidzo waAtemisi wokuEfeso, unokurumidza kufunga nezvokutsungirira kwevaKristu vekare vomuEfeso. Vaifanira kugara muguta rakanga rakazara nokushandisa midzimu uye rakapofumadzwa norusaruro mune zvechitendero. Shoko roUmambo raishorwa zvikuru nevanamati vaAtemisi. (Mabasa 19:19; VaEfeso 6:12; Zvakazarurwa 2:1-3) Mumamiriro ezvinhu iwayo akaoma, kunamata kwechokwadi kwakadzika midzi. Kunamatwa kwaMwari wechokwadi uku kuchapararirawo kana chitendero chenhema chomuzuva redu chaguma, sokungoguma kwakaita kunamatwa kwekare kwaAtemisi.—Zvakazarurwa 18:4-8.

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

MAKEDHONIYA

Black Sea

ASIA MINOR

Efeso

Gungwa reMediterranean

IJIPITI

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Zvisaririra zvetemberi yaAtemisi

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 28,29]

1. Raibhurari yaCelsus

2. Arete kana uri pedyo

3. Marble Road, inoenda kuimba huru yemitambo