Abamisiyonari bari gushobora gushika mu turere utuhe two mu Buseruko?

HATARACA imyaka 30 inyuma y’urupfu rwa Yezu, intumwa Paulo yaranditse yuko inkuru nziza yariko iramamazwa mu “biremwa vyose” vyo munsi y’ijuru. (Abakolosayi 1:23) Ayo majambo yavuze ntakwiye gufatwa urudome ku rundi nk’aho yoba yasobanura ko abantu bose bariho ico gihe bari bamaze kwumva ivyerekeye inkuru nziza. Naho biri ukwo, iciyumviro Paulo yaseruye kiratomoye: Abamisiyonari bakirisu bariko baramamaza cane mu turere tw’isi twari tuzwi ico gihe.

None abo bamisiyonari bashobora kuba bagiye gushika he? Ivyanditswe bivuga ko amato y’urudandaza yafashije Paulo kwagura umurimo wiwe wo kwamamaza, bituma ashika kure amaja mu Burengero, nko mu Butaliyano. Uwo mumisiyonari w’umutima rugabo yari afise n’icipfuzo co kwamamaza muri Esupanye.​—Ibikorwa 27:1; 28:30, 31; Abaroma 15:28.

Bite ho ku bijanye no kwamamaza mu Buseruko? Abamamazanjili bakirisu bo mu ntango bagiye gushika mu turere utuhe two mu Buseruko? Ntidushobora kuvuga neza na neza aho bashitse, kuko na Bibiliya ata co ibivugako. Ariko rero, wotangazwa no kumenya aho amabarabara yacamwo ibidandazwa yashika mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., ano akaba yahuza uturere two muri Mediterane be n’utwo mu Buseruko. N’imiburiburi, ukuba hariho amabarabara nk’ayo vyerekana ko abantu baronka uturyo twiza two kugira ingendo mu Buseruko.

Iragi Alegizandere yasize

Kuba Alegizandere Mukuru yarigarurira uturere dutandukanye, vyatumye agenda amaja mu Buseruko aciye i Babiloni no mu Buperesi arashika kure cane nko mu ntara ya Pendjab mu Buraruko bw’Ubuhindi. Ukwigarurira utwo turere vyatumye Abagiriki bamenyera cane inkengera z’ikiyaga zahera aho Uruzi Efurate rwisuka mu Kigobe c’Abarabu zikagenda gushika aho Uruzi Indus rwisuka mu kiyaga.

Ibirungo be n’imibavu ntivyatevye kwisukira mu turere twatwarwa n’Ubugiriki bije bivuye hakurya y’Ibahari  Indiyano biciye mu Kiyaga Gitukura. Abadandaza b’Abahindi be n’Abarabu ni bo batanguye kwiganzira urwo rudandaza. Ariko igihe abami ba Misiri bitwa aba Ptolémée bamenya ukuntu imiyaga yo mw’Ibahari Indiyano ihuhuta, na bo nyene baciye batangura gucisha ibidandazwa muri iyo bahari.

Muri iyo bahari, kuva muri Rusama gushika muri Nyakanga iyo miyaga iguma ihuhuta ivuye mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero. Ivyo bituma amato aje ava aho Ikiyaga Gitukura gita ururimi agenda amaja ku nkengera yo mu Bumanuko bwa Arabiya canke akagenda gushika mu Bumanuko bw’Ubuhindi ata ho arinze guca. Kuva muri Munyonyo gushika muri Ntwarante, iyo miyaga ica ihuhuta isubira iyo yari yaje iva, maze bikorohereza nya mato gusubira inyuma. Abasozabwato b’Abarabu be n’Abahindi bari bamaze imyaka amajana bisunga ukuntu iyo miyaga ihuhuta, mu kugira uruja n’uruza mu turere turi hagati y’Ubuhindi be n’Ikiyaga Gitukura bari mu mato atwaye ibirungo vy’igiti c’umubagabaga, ivyitwa mudarasini, narada be n’ipiripiri.

Amayira yo mu mazi yaja i Alegizanderiya n’i Roma

Igihe Abaroma bigarurira ibihugu vyatwarwa n’abasubiriye Alegizandere, i Roma haciye haba ho hantu ha mbere hashorerwa ibidandazwa vy’agaciro biva mu Buseruko, na vyo bikaba ari amasenge yava muri Afirika, imibavu be n’imira vyava muri Arabiya, ibirungo be n’amabuye y’agaciro vyava mu Buhindi, eka mbere n’impuzu z’iharire zava mu Bushinwa. Amato yaba atwaye mwene ivyo bidandazwa yashikira ku bivuko bibiri bikuru vyo mu Misiri vyari ku Kiyaga Gitukura, ari vyo Bérénice na Myos Hormos. Amabarabara y’i musozi ingenzi zacamwo yashika kuri ivyo bivuko vyompi yarafasha mu gutuma ivyo bidandazwa bishika i Coptos, igisagara cari ku Ruzi Nili.

Nya bidandazwa bivuye ngaho i Coptos, vyaramanukana Uruzi Nili, runo rukaba rwari wo muhora nyamukuru wakoreshwa mu Misiri, gushika i Alegizanderiya aho vyaca bishirwa mu mato maze bikajanwa mu Butaliyano be n’ahandi. Iyindi nzira vyashobora gucamwo kugira ngo bishike i Alegizanderiya, wari umuhora w’amazi wahuza Uruzi Nili be n’aho Ikiyaga Gitukura gita ururimi, hafi y’ahitwa Suez muri iki gihe. Nta gukeka ko uturere Yezu yamamajemwo inkuru nziza twasa n’utwegereye Misiri be n’ibivuko vyaho, kandi umuntu yarashobora kuhashika bitamugoye.

Nk’uko bivugwa n’umuhinga umwe mu vy’uturere wo mu kinjana ca mbere w’Umugiriki yitwa Strabo, mu gihe ciwe amato 120 y’i Alegizanderiya yaragira ingendo avuye i Myos Hormos atwaye ibidandazwa mu Buhindi buri mwaka. Hari igitabu co mu kinjana ca mbere cayobora abagendesha amato muri ako karere kikiriho na bugingo n’ubu. Gishobora kuba canditswe n’umudandaza w’Umunyamisiri yavuga ikigiriki kugira ngo afashe abadandaza bagenziwe. Ni igiki none dushobora kwigira ku bivugwa n’ico gitabu ca kera?

Ico gitabu, igikunze kuvugwa hisunzwe izina ryaco ryo mu kilatini Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyage Around the Erythraean Sea, ni ukuvuga Ingendo zo  mu micungararo y’Ibahari Indiyano), kiradondora amayira yo mu mazi y’ibilometero ibihumbi n’ibihumbi amato yafata avuye mu Bumanuko bwo mu Misiri agashika no muri Zanzibar. Umwanditsi w’ico gitabu, yihweje amaja mu Buseruko arashira ku rutonde ibirere ayo mato yagenda, aho yaza arahagarara, aho ibidandazwa vyaza birashikira, ubwoko bw’ibidandazwa be n’agatima karangwa mu bantu bo mu turere dutandukanye, uhereye ku nkengera yo mu Bumanuko bwa Arabiya, ukamanuka ugashika ku nkengera yo mu Burengero bw’Ubuhindi no muri Sri Lanka, maze ukaduga uciye ku nkengera yo mu Buseruko bw’Ubuhindi ugashika hirya kure ku Ruzi Ganje. Ukuntu ico gitabu kidondora utwo turere mu buryo butarimwo amakosa kandi butomoye bituma dushika ku ciyumviro c’uko uwo mwanditsi yari yarahagendeye.

Abadandaza b’Abanyaburaya bashika mu Buhindi

Ico gihe, abadandaza b’Abanyaburaya mu Buhindi babita Abayavana. Nk’uko ca gitabu (Periplus) kibivuga, kimwe mu bisagara bama bagiyemwo mu kinjana ca mbere G.C. ni igisagara c’i Muziris cari hafi y’agace ka nyuma ko mu Bumanuko bw’Ubuhindi. a Ivyese vyo mu rurimi rw’igitamuli vyatunganijwe mu binjana vyo mu ntango G.C., biguma bivuga ibijanye n’abo badandaza. Kimwe muri ivyo vyese kivuga giti: “Amato y’Abayavana yakozwe mu buryo buteye igomwe yarazana inzahabu agasubirana inyuma ipiripiri, maze i Muziris hakumvikana uruyogoyogo.” Mu kindi cese na co, umuganwa wo mu Bumanuko bw’Ubuhindi arahimirizwa kunywa umuvinyu umota neza waba wazanywe n’Abayavana. Mu bindi bidandazwa vy’Abanyaburaya vyaronse isoko ningoga mu Buhindi harimwo ibintu bikozwe mu birahuri, ivyuma, amabuye y’agaciro yitwa korali be n’impuzu.

Abacukuzi barubuye ibintu vyinshi vyerekana ibidandazwa Abanyaburaya bashorera mu Buhindi. Nk’akarorero, i Arikamedu ku nkengera yo mu Bumanuko bushira Ubuseruko bw’Ubuhindi, barahubuye ibimanyu vy’imikuza Abaroma bashiramwo umuvinyu be n’amasahani biharangatuweko ivyandiko vyerekana ko bene kubibumba babibumbira i Arezzo, akarere ko hagati mu Butaliyano. Umwanditsi umwe avuga ati: “Umushakashatsi wo mu gihe ca none, iyo mu bintu uruzi rurunda mu Kagobe ka Bengale yubuyemwo ibimanyagu vy’ibibumbano biharangatuweko amazina y’ababibumvye, bano bakaba babituririra mu mafuru yo hirya y’i Arezzo aca yiha ishusho y’aho ivyo bibumbano bituruka.” Ivy’uko ibihugu vyo muri Mediterane vyagiranira urudandaza n’Ubuhindi biremezwa kandi n’ububiko butari buke burimwo ibingorongoro vy’Abaroma vyubuwe mu Bumanuko bw’Ubuhindi, vyaba ari ivy’inzahabu canke ivy’ifeza. Vyinshi muri ivyo bingorongoro ni ivyo mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., kandi usanga biriko ishusho y’Abami b’abami b’Abaroma nka Ogusito, Tiberiyo na Nero.

Kuba bishoboka yuko Abaroma bigaruriye ibisagara vyo mu Bumanuko bw’Ubuhindi kugira ngo bagume bahakorera urudandaza rwabo biremezwa n’ikarata imwe yo mu gihe ca kera, ikopi yayo yagizwe mu mpera y’Inganji y’Abaroma ikaba ikiriho na bugingo n’ubu. Iyo karata, iyitwa Peutinger Table kandi bikaba  bivugwa yuko idondora uturere twari tugize Inganji y’Uburoma mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., irerekana aho urusengero rwa Ogusito rw’i Muziris rwari ruri. Igitabu kimwe (Rome’s Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305) kivuga giti: “Urwo rusengero rushobora kuba rwubatswe gusa n’abatwarwa b’Inganji y’Abaroma, kandi birashoboka rwose ko bari ababa i Muziris canke abari bahamaze igihe kirekire.”

Inkuru zigana ivy’Uburoma ziravuga ibijanye n’ingendo zagizwe i Roma n’imiburiburi n’Abahindi batatu baserukira ico gihugu cabo ku ngoma ya Ogusito, uwatwaye kuva 27 B.G.C. gushika 14 G.C. Kimwe mu vyigwa vyagizwe ku bijanye n’izo ngendo cerekana yuko “abo baserukizi bari bajanywe n’umugambi ukomeye wo gukomeza imigenderanire,” uno ukaba wari ushingiye ku kwumvikana aho abantu bo mu bihugu bitandukanye bohanahaniye ibidandazwa, aho amakori yotorejwe, aho abanyamahanga bogerereye, be n’ibindi nk’ivyo.

Mu kinjana ca mbere G.C. rero, kugira ingendo uva mu turere two muri Mediterane uja mu Buhindi vyari bisigaye ari ibisanzwe kandi izo ngendo zaragirwa kenshi. Vyari vyoroshe ko umumisiyonari mukirisu afatira ubwato mu Buraruko bw’Ikiyaga Gitukura agashika mu Buhindi.

Boba bararenga Ubuhindi?

Biragoye kumenya intara zo mu Buseruko abadandaza baturuka mu turere twa Mediterane be n’izindi ngenzi bagendera, be n’igihe batanguye kuzishikamwo. Ariko rero, bivugwa ko mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., hari Abanyaburaya bagira ingendo bagashika hirya kure cane nko muri Tayilande, muri Kamboje, i Sumatra be n’i Java.

Inkuru imwe ivuga ivya kahise k’Inganji y’Abahani (Hou Han-Shou), iyigana ivyabaye kuva mu 23 G.C. gushika mu 220 G.C., irerekana igihe rumwe muri izo ngendo rwagizwe. Mu 166 G.C., hari uwuserukira ubwami bwa Daqin yitwa An-tun yashitse ku kirimba c’Ubushinwa azaniye ituro Umwami w’abami Huan-ti. Daqin ryari izina ry’igishinwa ryasobanura Inganji y’Uburoma, mu gihe An-tun na ryo risa n’uko ryari izina Abashinwa bakoresha bashaka kuvuga Antoninus, rino rikaba ryari izina ry’umuryango Marcus Aurelius yakomokamwo, uwari umwami w’abami w’Uburoma yaganza ico gihe. Abatohozakahise babona ko uwo mwami w’abami atari uwuserukira iyo nganji mu Bushinwa yemewe, ariko ko yariko aragerageza gusa kuraba ingene abadandaza b’Abanyaburaya bokwikurira impuzu z’iharire mu Bushinwa aho kuzigurira ku baba baziranguriyeyo.

Reka tugaruke kuri ca kibazo twatangurirako, na co kikaba ari iki: Amato ya kera ashobora kuba yaratwara abamisiyonari bakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere gushika mu turere utuhe two mu Buseruko? Yoba yabashikana mu Buhindi canke yaraharenga? Kumbure. Ico tutokeka coco ni uko ubutumwa bwa gikirisu bwakwiragiye kure bihagije ku buryo intumwa Paulo yashoboye kuvuga ko ‘bwariko burama ivyamwa kandi bukagwira mw’isi yose,’ ni ukuvuga, gushika mu turere twa kure cane twari tuzwi ico gihe.​—Abakolosayi 1:6.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 22]

Ukwidodomba kw’Umwami w’abami

Mu 22 G.C., Umwami w’abami w’Umuroma yitwa Tiberiyo yaridoze ku bijanye n’ukurenza urugero kutagira aho kugarukira kw’abantu baba mu gihugu yatwara. Icipfuzo cabo kirangwa ubwikunzi co kuronka ibihinda be n’icipfuzo gikomeye kirimwo ukurenza urugero c’abakenyezi b’i Roma co kuronka ibirezi, vyariko biratuma ubutunzi bw’inganji yiwe busesagurwa, bigatuma buja mu “bihugu vy’abanyamahanga canke vy’abansi.” Umutohozakahise w’Umuroma yitwa Pline l’Ancien (yabayeho mu 23-79 G.C.) na we nyene yaridodomvye ku bijanye na mwene iryo sesagura. Yanditse ati: “N’imiburiburi, Ubuhindi, abitwa aba Sères be n’agace k’intara y’Abarabu kinjira mu mazi, birakura mu nganji iwacu amahera angana na sesterces imiliyoni ijana ku mwaka ku mwaka (ni ukuvuga amadenariyo 25.000.000). Ukwo ni ko dutanga amahera atagira ukwo angana kugira ngo turonke ibihinda be no ku bw’abakenyezi bacu.” b

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Museo della Civiltà Romana, Roma; Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com

[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 23]

Aho abadandaza baronderera ibidandazwa vyabo

Yezu yaravuze ibijanye n’“umudandaza w’ingenzi arondera imaragarita nziza.” (Matayo 13:45) Igitabu c’Ivyahishuwe na co nyene kiravuga ivyerekeye “abadandaza b’ingenzi” bari bafise ububiko burimwo amabuye y’agaciro, impuzu z’iharire, ibintu vyo mu mbaho z’akamoto, amasenge, mudarasini, ibimota be n’ibirungo vyo mu Buhindi. (Ivyahishuwe 18:11-13) Ivyo bidandazwa vyaza biciye mu mabarabara y’ivy’urudandaza yo mu Buseruko bwa Palesitina. Ibiti bimota neza, nk’ivyitwa santals, vyava mu Buhindi. Imaragarita z’agaciro zarashobora kuboneka mu Kigobe c’Abarabu, mu Kiyaga Gitukura kandi nk’uko bivugwa n’umwanditsi wa ca gitabu twavuga (Periplus Maris Erythraei), zaraboneka no mu micungararo y’i Muziris be n’i Sri Lanka. Imaragarita zo mw’Ibahari Indiyano zishobora kuba ari zo zari nziza kuruta izindi kandi zari zizimvye cane.

[Ikarata ku rup. 20, 21]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba ico gitabu)

Amwamwe mu mabarabara y’ivy’urudandaza yariho mu kinjana ca mbere yahuza Uburoma na Aziya

Arezzo

Roma

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

AFIRIKA

Alegizanderiya

MISIRI

Coptos

Uruzi Nili

Myos Hormos

Bérénice

Zanzibar

Ikiyaga Gitukura

Yeruzalemu

ARABIYA

Uruzi Efurate

BABILONI

Ikigobe c’Abarabu

UBUPERESI

↓ Imiyaga ihuhuta iva mu Buraruko bushira Ubuseruko

↑ Imiyaga ihuhuta iva mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero

Uruzi Indus

PENDJAB

Uruzi Gange

Akagobe ka Bengale

UBUHINDI

Arikamedu

Muziris

SRI LANKA

IBAHARI INDIYANO

UBUSHINWA

INGANJI Y’ABAHANI

TAYILANDE

KAMBOJE

VIYETINAMU

Sumatra

Java

[Ifoto ku rup. 21]

Ukuntu amato y’Abaroma yari ameze

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ubwato: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.