Chechi neHurumende muByzantium

MUVAMBI wechiKristu akanga akanyatsojeka nezvomusiyano mukuru unofanira kuvapo pakati pevateveri vake nenyika yevanhu vari kure naMwari. Jesu akaudza vateveri vake kuti: “Kudai maiva rutivi rwenyika, nyika yaizoda zvikuru zviri zvayo. Zvino nokuti hamusi rutivi rwenyika, asi ndakakusarudzai munyika, nemhaka yeizvi nyika inokuvengai.” (Johani 15:19) Kuna Pirato, mumiririri wesimba guru renyika romuzuva rake, Jesu akazivisa kuti: “Umambo hwangu hausi rutivi rwenyika ino.”—Johani 18:36.

Kuti vazadzike mutoro wavo wokuparidzira “kusvikira kurutivi rwuri kure zvikuru rwepasi,” vaKristu vaifanira kusazvikanganisa nezvinhu zvisinei nokunamata. (Mabasa 1:8) Kungofanana naJesu, vaKristu vokutanga vakanga vasingapindiri mune zvematongerwe enyika. (Johani 6:15) Zvaicherechedzeka kuti vaKristu vakatendeka vakanga vasingashandi mabasa omumahofisi evoruzhinji kana kutora zvinzvimbo zvokutungamirira. Izvi zvakapedzisira zvachinja.

 “Rutivi Rwenyika”

Nguva yakati vokupedzisira vevaapostora vafa, vatungamiriri vechitendero vachiziva havo vakatanga kuchinja kuzvienzanisa kwavaizviita nenyika. Vakatanga kufunga nezvo“umambo” hwaisangova chete munyika asiwo hwaitova rutivi rwayo. Kuongorora masanganiro akaita chitendero nezvematongerwe enyika muUmambo hweByazantium—Umambo hweRoma yokuMabvazuva, neguta rayo guru reByzantium (yava kunzi Istanbul)—kuchatirayiridza.

Munzanga umo chitendero chaiita basa rokudzora tsika, Chechi yeByzantium, nomuzinda wayo waiva muByzantium, yaiva nesimba zvikuru. Munyori wenhau dzechechi Panayotis Christou akamboti: “Vanhu vokuByzantium vaiona umambo hwavo hwepanyika somufananidzo woUmambo hwaMwari.” Zvisinei vaiva nesimba muumambo ihwohwo vaisafunga saizvozvo nguva dzose. Somugumisiro, ukama hwaiva pakati peChechi neHurumende dzimwe nguva hwaiva hwakaminama. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium rinoti: “Mabhishopi eConstantinople [kana kuti Byzantium] aizvibata zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru, zvaisanganisira kuzviisa pasi pomutongi ane simba kwoumbwende . . . , kubatana namambo kuti vawane zvavaida . . . , uye kupikisana nezvinodiwa namambo noushingi.”

Bhishopi mukuru weConstantinople, mutungamiriri weEastern Church, akava munhu ane simba zvikuru. Ndiye akagadza mambo pachigaro, nokudaro aimutarisira kuva mutsigiri akasimba wedzidziso dzechechi yeOrthodox. Bhishopi mukuru akanga akapfumawo zvikuru, sezvo aidzora zvinhu zvakawanda zvechechi. Simba rake raibva pakudzora kwaaiita mamongi  ayo akanga akawandisa zvose nenhengo dzechechi dzaisava nezvinzvimbo.

Bhishopi mukuru aigona kusateerera mambo. Aigona kutyisidzira nokudzinga—achitaura zvaanoda muzita raMwari—kana kuti kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzokubvisa nadzo madzimambo pazvigaro.

Nokuderera zvishoma nezvishoma kwokudzorwa kwevanhu vari kunze kweguta guru, mabhishopi aiwanzova vanhu vane simba zvikuru mumaguta, achitoenzana nemagavhuna emapurovhinzi, ayo aaitobatsira kusarudza. Mabhishopi aitarisira nyaya dzomumatare nemabhizimisi asinei nezvokunamata pose apo chechi yaibatanidzwa—kunyange payakanga isingabatanidzwi. Chimwe chaivabatsira ndechokuti vapristi nemamongi, vaisvika kumakumi ezviuru, vose vaizviisa pasi pemabhishopi ekwavaigara.

Zvematongerwe Enyika noUsimoni

Sezvinoratidzwa nezviri pamusoro apa, hofisi yechechi yakanga yakabatana zvokusatsaurika nezvematongerwe enyika. Uyezve  vafundisi vakawanda nemabasa avo avaifanira kuita zvaida mari yakawanda zvikuru. Vafundisi vakawanda vaiva nezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro vairarama zvoumbozha. Sezvo chechi yaiwana simba nepfuma, urombo hwevaapostora nokuva kwavo vatsvene zvakapera. Vamwe vapristi nemabhishopi vaipa chioko muhomwe kuti vasarudzwe. Usimoni hwakanga hwazara kusvika kuzvinzvimbo zvepamusoro-soro muchechi. Vafundisi vachitsigirwa nevanhu vane mari vaikambira zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro muchechi pamberi pamambo.

Chiokomuhomwe yakanga iri nzirawo yokupesvedzera vatungamiriri vechitendero vepamusoro. Apo Mambokadzi Zoe (c. 978-1050 C.E.) akaita kuti murume wake Romanus III apondwe uye ava kuda kuroorana newaaidanana naye aizova Mambo Michael IV, akakurumidza kudaidza Bishopi Alexius kuti auye kuimba yamambo. Ikoko bhishopi wacho akasvikonzwa nezvorufu rwaRomanus uye kuti bhishopi mukuru uyu aitarisirwa kuchatisa vaviri ava. Zvokuti chechi yaipemberera Good Friday manheru iwayo hazvina kuita kuti zvinhu zvipfavire Alexius. Zvisinei, akabvuma zvipo zvaakapiwa namambokadzi ndokuita zvaaida.

Kuzviisa Pasi paMambo Kwougwara

Pane dzimwe nguva munhau yoUmambo hweByzantium, mambo aishandisa kodzero dzake dzokugadza pakusarudza bhishopi mukuru weConstantinople. Panguva dzakadaro, hapana aigona kuva bhishopi mukuru kana kuti airamba aripo kwenguva refu zvisingadiwi namambo.

Mambo Andronicus II (1260-1332) akaona zvakakodzera kuchinja mabhishopi makuru kapfumbamwe. Kazhinji kacho, chinangwa chacho chaiva chokuisa munhu anonyatsobvuma zvaanoda pachigaro chabhishopi mukuru. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi The Byzantines, mumwe bhishopi mukuru akanyatsovimbisa mambo achiita zvokunyora kuti “anozoita zvose zvaairayira, kunyange zvisiri zvepamutemo zvakadini, uye kusaita chinhu chisingamufadzi.” Madzimambo akaedza kaviri kuita zvaanoda nechechi kuburikidza nokuita kuti mwanakomana wamambo achagara nhaka aitwe bhishopi mukuru. Mambo Romanus I akasimudzira mwanakomana wake Theophylact, aingova nemakore 16, kuti ave noruremekedzo rwabhishopi mukuru.

Dai bhishopi mukuru aizotadza kumufadza, mambo aigona kumumanikidza kubva pachinzvimbo chake kana kurayira dare guru rechechi kumubvisa. Bhuku rinonzi Byzantium rinoti: “Zvakaramba zvichiwedzera nokufamba kwenguva munhau yeByzantium kuti vane simba guru uye kunyange vachipiwa simba racho zvakananga naMambo vakava vanoita zvakawanda pakusarudzwa kwemabhishopi.”

Aina bhishopi mukuru parutivi pake, mambo aitungamirirawo pamatare echechi. Aitungamirira mumagakava aiitwa, achinyora nyaya dzine chokuita nechitendero, aiitirana nharo nemabhishopi zvose nevanenge varamba dzidziso dzakabvumiranwa, avo aizofanira kutaura zvavangaitwa pakupedzisira—rufu padanda. Mambo ndiye aisimbisawo uye aidzika mitemo yaishandiswa mudare. Aipa mhosva vaya vaimupikisa kwete yokupandukira mambo chete asi yokuva vavengi vechechi naMwari. “Hapana chinofanira kuitwa muChechi chinopesana nokuda uye nezvakarayirwa naMambo,” akadaro mumwe bhishopi mukuru womuzana remakore rechitanhatu. Mabhishopi mudare rose—aiva varume vakapfava, vanofuririka, vanokurumidza kubvuma kana vakatsveterwa nezviito zvomutsa uye zvibvumirano— vazhinji vavo vaisamboramba kungofananawo nevakuru vavo.

Somuenzaniso, apo Bhishopi Mukuru Ignatius (c. 799-878 C.E.) akaramba kupa chidyo kuGurukota Guru Bardas, gurukota racho rakatsividza. Bardas akabatanidza Ignatius mupomero yokurongera umambo zvakaipa. Bhishopi mukuru wacho akasungwa ndokudzingwa munyika. Pakumutsividza, gurukota racho rakaita kuti kusarudzwe Photius, munhuwo zvake uyo akasimukira mumazuva matanhatu chete achipfuura zvinzvimbo zvose zvechechi, kusvikira pakupedzisira asvika pachinzvimbo chabhishopi mukuru. Ko Photius akanga aine zvinodiwa mune zvokunamata kuti aite basa iri here? Ave achirondedzerwa somurume “aidisisa chinzvimbo, aizvitutumadza zvisingaiti, uye aiva nounyanzvi mune zvematongerwe enyika.”

Dzidziso Inobatsira Mune Zvematongerwe Enyika

Nharo pamusoro pedzidziso dzechechi dzaiwanzovharidzira kupikisa kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye madzimambo akawanda aiwanzodzorwa nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika kwete chido chokutanga dzidziso itsva. Kazhinji kacho mambo aiva nekodzero yokutaura zvaaida kuti zviitwe muchechi uye kuti iteerere kuda kwake.

Somuenzaniso, Mambo Heraclius (575-641 C.E.) akaedza zvakaoma kugadzirisa kukamukana kwakanga kwava kuda kuita umambo hwake hwakanga hwapera basa pamusoro pezvakanga zvakaita Kristu. Achiedza kuita kuti vabvume zvisiri izvo, akatanga dzidziso itsva yainzi (Monothelitism) Kuda Kumwe. * Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuteererwa nepurovhinzi dzokumaodzanyemba dzoumambo hwake, Heraculius akasarudza bhishopu mukuru mutsva weAlexandria, Cyrus wePhasis, uyo akatendera dzidziso yaitsigirwa namambo. Mambo akaita Cyrus kwete chete bhishopi mukuru asiwo mutariri weIjipiti, aine simba pavatongi vemo. Achishandisa kutambudza zvishomanana, Cyrus akakwanisa kuita kuti vazhinji vechechi yeIjipiti vabvume dzidziso yacho.

Kukohwa Kunorwadza

Zviitiko izvi zvingaratidza sei pfungwa iri mumunyengetero waJesu maakataura kuti vateveri vake vaizova ‘vasiri rutivi rwenyika’?—Johani 17:14-16.

Vaizviti vatungamiriri vechiKristu munguva dzeByzantium nomushure madzo vakakohwa migumisiro inorwadza yokubatanidzwa kwavo munyaya dzezvematongerwe enyika nedzechiuto. Kukurukura nhau dzekare kupfupi uku kunokuudza chii? Vatungamiriri veChechi yeByzantium vakawana tendero yaMwari naJesu Kristu here?—Jakobho 4:4.

ChiKristu chechokwadi hachina zvachakabatsirwa nevatungamiriri vechitendero vanoda zvinzvimbo vakadaro neshamwari dzavo dzakaipa dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kusangana kusiri kutsvene kwechitendero nezvematongerwe enyika hakuna kuratidza chitendero chakachena chakadzidziswa naJesu. Ngatidzidzei kubva mune zvakaitika kare tirambe ‘tisiri rutivi rwenyika.’

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

“SAMWARI ARI KUFAMBA NOMUDENGA”

Zviitiko zvinobatanidza Bhishopi Mukuru Michael Cerularius (c. 1000-1059) zvimwe zvezvinoratidza kudzora kwaigona kuitwa nomukuru wechechi zvinhu zvehurumende uye kuda chinzvimbo kwaiwanzovapo. Pashure pokuwana chinzvimbo chabhishopi mukuru, Cerularius aida kuenda pamusoro kupfuura ipapo. Ave achirondedzerwa seaizvitora, aizvitutumadza, uye aisabvumawo zvinoda vamwe—“achizvibata samwari ari kufamba nomudenga.”

Nokuda kuzvikwidziridza, Cerularius akaita kuti pave nokusawirirana napapa muRome muna 1054, uye akamanikidza mambo kubvuma kukamukana kwacho. Afadzwa nokukunda uku, Cerularius akaronga kuisa Michael IV pachigaro choumambo akamubatsira kusimbisa simba rake. Pashure pegore, Cerularius akamanikidza mambo iyeye kusiya basa ndokuisa Isaac Comnenus (c. 1005-1061) pachigaro choumambo.

Makakatanwa pakati pabhishopi mukuru namambo akawedzera. Cerularius—avimbiswa kutsigirwa noruzhinji—akatyisidzira kuti aizoita zvechisimba, uye akatozviita. Mumwe munyori wezvakaitika kare akararama munguva imwe cheteyo naye akati: “Aifanotaura nezvokubviswa pachigaro kwaMambo pazere vanhu, achishandisa mutauro wakashata, achiti, ‘Ndini ndakakusimudzira, zirema; asi ndichakubvisa.’” Zvisinei, Isaac Comnenus akaita kuti asungwe, aiswe mujeri, uye adzingirwe kuImbros.

Mienzaniso yakadaro inoratidza kuti bhishopi mukuru weConstantinople aigona kukonzera zvinetso zvakadini uye marambiro aaigona kuita zvinodiwa namambo zviri pachena. Kazhinji madzimambo aifanira kubata nevarume vakadaro, avo vaiva vezvematongerwe enyika vane unyanzvi, vaikwanisa kudzivisa vose mambo nemauto.

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Paigumira Umambo hweByzantium

Ravenna

Roma

MAKEDHONIYA

Constantinople

Gungwa Dema

Nicaea

Efeso

Andiyoki

Jerusarema

Arekizandriya

Gungwa reMediterranean

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 10, 11]

Comnenus

Romanus III (kuruboshwe)

Michael IV

Mambokadzi Zoe

Romanus I (kuruboshwe)

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Comnenus, Romanus III, and Michael IV: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; Empress Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Photius

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

Heraclius nomwanakomana wake

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Heraclius nomwanakomana wake: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; all design elements, pages 8-12: From the book L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose