VekwaHasmoneus Nenhaka Yavo

JESU paaiva pasi pano, chiJudha chakakamurwa kuva mapoka, ose aikwikwidzana kudzora vanhu. Ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu ari munhoroondo dzeEvhangeri uyewo muzvinyorwa zvomunyori wenhau dzakaitika kare wechiJudha womuzana remakore rokutanga Josephus.

VaFarisi nevaSadhusi vari pachiitiko ichi semasimba anokosha anopesvedzera, anokwanisa kuchinja pfungwa dzevoruzhinji kunyange kusvika pakuramba Jesu saMesiya. (Mateu 15:1, 2; 16:1; Johani 11:47, 48; 12:42, 43) Zvisinei, hapana panotaurwa nezvemapoka maviri aya anopesvedzera muMagwaro echiHebheru.

Josephus anotanga kududza vaSadhusi nevaFarisi muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. Munguva iyi vaJudha vakawanda vaibvuma kuchinjirwa kuchiHellen, kureva kuti, tsika noruzivo zvechiGiriki. Kurwisana kwechiGiriki nechiJudha kwakanyanyisa apo vatongi vekwaSeleucus vakasvibisa temberi yomuJerusarema, vachiitsaurira kuna Zeus. Judah Maccabee, mutungamiriri wechiJudha aiva nesimba, wemhuri inozivikanwa seyekwaHasmoneus, akatungamirira uto rakapanduka iro rakasunungura temberi pamaoko evaGiriki. *

Makore akatevera kumukira nokukunda kwevanaMaccabee aizivikanwa nepfungwa yokungoda kuumba-umba tupoka twechitendero twakavakirwa pakukwikwidza pfungwa, chimwe nechimwe chichikwikwidzana nezvimwe kuti chiwane nzanga yechiJudha yakakura. Asi nei pfungwa iyi yakatanga? Nei chiJudha chakapatsanuka zvakadaro? Kuti tipindure, ngationgororei nhau dzakaitika kare dzevekwaHasmoneus.

Kuwedzera Kuzvimiririra uye Kusabatana

Awana vavariro yake yechitendero yokudzorera kunamata patemberi yaJehovha, Judah Maccabee akava wezvematongerwe enyika. Somugumisiro, vaJudha vakawanda vakarega kumutevera. Kunyange zvakadaro, akaramba achirwisa vatongi vekwaSeleucus, akaita chibvumirano neRoma, uye akatsvaka kuvamba Hurumende yechiJudha yakazvimirira. Zvichitevera kufa kwaJudah muhondo, munun’una wake Jonathan nomukoma wake Simon vakapfuurira nokurwisa. Vatongi vekwaSeleucus pakutanga vaishora vanaMaccabee zvakasimba. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, vatongi vacho vakabvumirana kurega zvimwe zvinhu zvine chokuita nezvematongerwe enyika, zvichiita kuti mukoma nomunun’una vekwaHasmoneus vakwanise kuzvimirira.

Kunyange zvazvo vaibva kuimba youpristi, hapana wekwaHasmoneus akanga amboshumira pachinzvimbo chomupristi mukuru. VaJudha vakawanda vaifunga kuti chinzvimbo ichi chaifanira kutorwa nevapristi vedzinza raZadhoki, uyo  akanga agadzwa naSoromoni somupristi mukuru. (1 Madzimambo 2:35; Ezekieri 43:19) Jonathan akashandisa kurwa uye unyanzvi kuti anyengetedze vekwaSeleucus kuti vamugadze kuva mupristi mukuru. Asi Jonathan afa, mukoma wake Simon akatoita zvakawanda. Muna September 140 B.C.E., murayiro unokosha wakabudiswa muJerusarema, ukachengetedzwa pamahwendefa ebronze wakanyorwa mumunyorero wechiGiriki kuti: “Mambo Demetrius [mutongi wechiGiriki wekwaSeleucus] akamusimbisa [Simon] kuva mupristi mukuru, akamuita imwe yeShamwari dzake, uye akamukudza zvikuru. . . . VaJudha nevapristi vavo vakasarudza kuti Simon aifanira kuva mutungamiriri wavo uye mupristi mukuru nokusingaperi, kusvikira muprofita akavimbika asvika.”—1 Maccabees 14:38-41 (bhuku renhau dzakaitika kare rinowanikwa muApokirifa).

Nzvimbo yaSimon somutongi uyewo mupristi mukuru—yake nevana vake—yakabvumwa kwete chete nechiremera chekwaSeleucus chokune imwe nyika asiwo ne“Gungano Guru” revanhu vake pachake. Izvi zvakaratidza nguva yokuchinja kunokosha. Sokunyorwa kwazvakaitwa nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika kare Emil Schürer, kana imba yezvematongerwe enyika yangovambwa nevekwaHasmoneus, “vaisazonyanya kuva nehanya nokuzadzika kweTorah [Mutemo wechiJudha] asi nokuchengetedzwa uye kuwedzerwa kwesimba ravo rezvematongerwe enyika.” Zvisinei, achingwarira kuti asagumbura pfungwa dzechiJudha, Simon akashandisa zita rokuti “mutungamiriri wevanhu,” panzvimbo pa“mambo.”

Havasi vose vakafadzwa nokubvuta zvisina kururama simba rezvechitendero nerezvematongerwe enyika kwakaitwa nevekwaHasmoneus. Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, paiva panguva iyi pakaumbwa nzanga yeQumran. Mupristi wedzinza raZadhoki, anonzi ndiye aitaurwa nezvake muzvinyorwa zveQumran so“Mudzidzisi Wokururama,” akasiya Jerusarema ndokutungamirira boka raipikisa kuenda Murenje reJudhiya pedyo neGungwa Rakafa. Mumwe weMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, tsanangudzo yebhuku raHabhakuki, unoshora “Mupristi Akaipa aidanwa nezita rechokwadi pakutanga, asi paakatonga Israeri mwoyo wake wakazvikudza.” Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti Jonathan kana kuti Simon anogona kukodzera tsanangudzo yekapoka kechitendero yo“Mupristi Akaipa” anotonga.

Simon akaramba achitsvaka rutsigiro rwemauto kuti akudziridze nharaunda yaaidzora. Zvisinei, kutonga kwake kwakaerekana kwaguma apo mukuwasha wake, Ptolemy, akamuurayira chigaro pamwe chete nevanakomana vake vaviri pavaiva pamadyo pedyo neJeriko. Kuedza kuwana simba uku kwakakundikana. John Hyrcanus, mwanakomana waSimon akanga asara, akanyeverwa kuti akanga aedza kuurayiwa. Akapamba vakanga vachida kumuuraya ndokutanga kutungamirira uye kuva mupristi mukuru panzvimbo yababa vake.

Kumwezve Kuwedzera Nokushora

Pakutanga, John Hyrcanus akatarisana nokutyisidzirwa kwakakura nemauto eSiriya, asika muna 129 B.C.E., imba youmambo yekwaSeleucus yakakundwa muhondo yakaoma nevaParthia. Nezvomugumisiro wehondo iyi pane vekwaSeleucus, nyanzvi yechiJudha Menahem Stern akanyora kuti: “Urongwa hwose hwoumambo hwacho hwakashayiwa simba.” Saka Hyrcanus ai“kwanisa kudzorerazve zvakazara rusununguko rwezvematongerwe enyika rweJudhiya uye kutanga kuwedzera kumativi akasiyana-siyana.” Uye zvechokwadi akawedzera.

Zvino asingapinganidzwi nokutyisidzira kwevaSiria kupi nokupi, Hyrcanus akatanga kupinda nechisimba munharaunda dziri kunze kweJudhiya, achidzikurira. Vagari vemo vaifanira kutendeukira kuchiJudha, kana vaisazodaro maguta avo aizoparadzwa. Kumwe kutsvaka rutsigiro kwakadaro kwaiva pakati pevanhu vomuEdhomi (vaEdhomi). Nezvakwo Stern akati: “Kutendeuka kwevaEdhomi kwaiva kwokutanga kworudzi irworwo, sezvo kwaiva kwedzinza rose panzvimbo pevanhu vashomanana.” Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakundwa yaiva Samariya, uko Hyrcanus akaparadza temberi yevaSamariya yaiva paGomo reGerizimu. Achitaura zvakasiyana nezvomutemo uyu wokumanikidzwa kutendeuka kwaiitwa neveimba youmambo yekwaHasmoneus, munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare Solomon Grayzel akati: “Pano paiva nomuzukuru waMattathias [baba vaJudah Maccabee] aiputsa nheyo chaiyo—rusununguko rwechitendero—rwakanga  rwanyatsodzivirirwa nechizvarwa chakanga chapfuura.”

Kuoneka kwevaFarisi nevaSadhusi

Paiva pakunyora nezvokutonga kwaHyrcanus apo Josephus anotanga kutaura nezvokupesvedzera kwaiwedzera kwevaFarisi nevaSadhusi. (Josephus akanga adudza vaFarisi vakanga vararama nguva yaitonga Jonathan.) Haarondedzeri kwavakabva. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinovaona seboka rakabuda muvaHasid, kapoka kechitendero katsvene kaitsigira Judah Maccabee muvavariro dzake dzechitendero asi kakamusiya apo zvido zvake zvakachinjira kune zvematongerwe enyika.

Zita rokuti vaFarisi rinowanzobatanidzwa nedzitsi rechiHebheru rinoreva kuti “vakaparadzana,” kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachiriona serinoenderana neshoko rokuti “vaturikiri.” VaFarisi vaiva nyanzvi dzaibva pakati pevanhuwo zvavo, vasina dzinza chairo. Vakazviparadzanisa netsika dzisina kuchena noruzivo rwoutsvene chaihwo, vachishandisa mitemo yetemberi youtsvene hwoupristi kumararamiro akajairika ezuva nezuva. VaFarisi vakatanga muitiro mutsva wokutsanangura Magwaro uye gare gare pfungwa yakazivikanwa somutemo unoita zvokutaurwa. Panguva yaitonga Simon vakava nesimba rakakura vamwe pavakagadzwa muGerousia (dare revarume vakuru), gare gare rakazozivikanwa seSanihedrini.

Josephus anotaura kuti pakutanga John Hyrcanus aiva mudzidzi uye mutsigiri wevaFarisi. Zvisinei, pane imwe nguva, vaFarisi vakamutsiura nemhaka yokusasiya upristi hukuru. Izvi zvakakonzera kuparadzana kunoshamisa. Hyrcanus akarambidza mirayiro yechitendero chevaFarisi. Sechirango chokuwedzera, akatsigira vaipikisa chitendero chevaFarisi, vaSadhusi.

Zita rokuti vaSadhusi ringangodaro richibatanidzwa noMupristi Mukuru Zadhoki, ane dzinza raiva nebasa roupristi kubvira munguva yaSoromoni. Zvisinei, havasi vaSadhusi vose vaiva vedzinza iri. Maererano naJosephus, vaSadhusi vaiva machinda uye varume vakapfuma venyika, uye vakanga vasingatsigirwi nevanhuwo zvavo. Purofesa Schiffman vanoti: “Vakawanda vavo . . . sezviri pachena vaiva vapristi kana kuti vaya vakanga vakaroora kumhuri dzevapristi vakuru.” Saka vakanga vakanyatsobatana kubvira kare nevaya vaiva nesimba. Nokudaro, basa rinowedzera revaFarisi muupenyu hwevanhu uye mafungiro echiFarisi okupa utsvene hwakaita sohwevapristi kuvanhu vose aionekwa sokutyisidzira kwaigona kushayisa simba chiremera chevaSadhusi. Zvino, mumakore okupedzisira okutonga kwaHyrcanus, vaSadhusi vakawanazve simba.

Kuwedzera Kwezvematongerwe Enyika, Kuderera Kwoutsvene Hwechitendero

Mwanakomana mukuru waHyrcanus, Aristobulus, akangotonga kwegore rimwe asati afa. Akapfuudzira mutemo wokumanikidza kutendeuka kuvanhu vokuIturaea uye akaita kuti Garireya yokumusoro ive pasi pevekwaHasmoneus. Asi paiva pasi pokutonga kwomunun’una wake Alexander Jannaeus, uyo akatonga kubva muna 103-76 B.C.E., apo imba youmambo yevekwaHasmoneus yakava pamusoro-soro musimba rayo.

 Alexander Jannaeus akaramba mutemo wakanga uripo uye akazvizivisa pachena kuti aiva mupristi mukuru namambo. Kurwisana kwevekwaHasmoneus nevaFarisi kwakawedzera, kuchitokonzera hondo yezvizvarwa zvomunyika imomo umo vaJudha 50 000 vakafa. Pashure pokunge kupandukira kwapedzwa, muchiito chokuyeuchidza nezvemadzimambo echihedheni, Jannaeus akaita kuti 800 vevapanduki varovererwe. Panguva yokufa kwavo, vadzimai vavo nevana vakaurayiwa vakatarisa, ukuwo Jannaeus achiita mutambo pachena nevarongo vake. *

Pasinei nokuvenga kwaaiita vaFarisi, Jannaeus aiva wezvematongerwe enyika aibishaira. Akaona kuti vaFarisi vaiva netsigiro yakakurumbira yaiwedzera. Murayiridzo waakapa mudzimai wake, Salome Alexandra, ave kuda kufa, waiva wokuti ashande navo. Jannaeus akanga amusarudza pakati pevanakomana vake somutsivi woumambo hwake. Akaratidza kuti aiva mutongi ane unyanzvi, achipa nyika nguva ine rugare rukuru pasi pokutonga kwevekwaHasmoneus (76-67 B.C.E.). VaFarisi vakadzorerwa munzvimbo dzesimba, uye mitemo yairwisa mirayiro yavo yechitendero yakabviswa.

Parufu rwaSalome, mwanakomana wake Hyrcanus II, uyo akanga ashanda somupristi mukuru, uye Aristobulus II vakatanga kukwikwidzirana kutonga. Vose vakanga vasina nzwisiso yezvematongerwe enyika uye yezvehondo yaiva nemadzitateguru avo, uye zvinoratidza kuti pakati pavo hapana ainzwisisa zvainyatsoreva kuwedzera kwaiita vaRoma munzvimbo yacho pashure pokuwa zvachose kwoumambo hwekwaSeleucus. Muna 63 B.C.E., vose vari vaviri vakaenda kuna Pompey mutongi weRoma paaiva muDhamasiko ndokukumbira kuti avayananise mugakava ravo. Gore iroro chairo, Pompey nemauto ake vakapinda muJerusarema ndokuritora. Ndiwo aiva mavambo okuguma kwoumambo hwevekwaHasmoneus. Muna 37 B.C.E., Jerusarema rakatorwa naMambo Herodhi Mukuru weEdhomi, uyo akanga agadzwa neDare reRoma sa“Mambo weJudha,” “mubatsiri uye shamwari yevanhu veRoma.” Umambo hwevekwaHasmoneus hwakanga hwapera.

Nhaka yevekwaHasmoneus

Nguva yevekwaHasmoneus, kubva kuna Judah Maccabee kusvikira kuna Aristobulus II, yakagadzirira kukamuka kwechitendero chaivapo Jesu paaiva pasi pano. VekwaHasmoneus vakatanga nokushingairira kunamata Mwari, asi izvozvo zvakazoguma noudyire hwakaipa. Vapristi vavo, vaiva nomukana wokubatanidza vanhu mukutevera Mitemo yaMwari, vakatungamirira vanhu mukurwisana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Mumamiriro ano ezvinhu, pfungwa dzokusabatana kwezvitendero dzakawanda. Kwakanga kusisinazve vekwaHasmoneus, asi kurwira kutungamirira chitendero kwevaSadhusi, vaFarisi, nevamwe kwaizoratidza nyika yaiva pasi paHerodhi neRoma.

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Imba Youmambo yevekwaHasmoneus

Judah Maccabee Jonathan Maccabee Simon Maccabee

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John Hyrcanus

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Salome Alexandra — akaroorwa — Alexander Jannaeus Aristobulus

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Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II

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Judah Maccabee akatsvaka kuzvimirira kwechiJudha

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.

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VekwaHasmoneus pavairwira kuwedzera kutonga maguta asiri echiJudha

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.