Kodi Ulaya Adzagwirizanadi?

NGATI mukukayikira kuti Ulaya watsimikiza zogwirizana, tangodutsani malire ochepa chabe a mayiko ake. Anthu tsopano amayenda mwaufulu m’mayiko a m’bungwe la European Union (EU). Kudikirira nthaŵi yaitali kuti munthu adutse malire adziko kwatheratu. Ndithudi, anthu apaulendo akukondwera kwambiri, komabe sikuti ndiwo okha amene apindule. Nzika zamayiko a m’bungwe la EU tsopano zitha kukaphunzira, kukagwira ntchito, ndiponso kukayamba malonda mosavuta kwina kulikonse m’mayiko a m’bungweli. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti madera osaukirapo a m’bungweli atukuke pachuma.

Ndithudi, kudutsa malire mosavuta n’kusintha kwakukulu zedi. Komabe, kodi tiyenera kunena kuti Ulaya wagwirizana kale ndipo kuti palibe zopinga zina panjira yopita kumgwirizano imeneyi? Ayi ndithu, zopinga zazikulu zili m’tsogolo, ndipo zina n’zofooketsa kwambiri. Koma tisanakambirane zopinga zimenezi, tiyeni tione chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zokhudza mgwirizanowu chimene padakali pano chachitika kale. Tikatero tingamvetse chifukwa chimene anthu alili ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha mgwirizano.

Zomwe Zachitika Pamgwirizano Wandalama

Kukhalabe ndi asilikali olondera m’malire kungakhale kotayitsa ndalama zambiri. Kulipilitsana kasitomu pakati pa mayiko 15 a m’bungwe la EU pa nthaŵi ina kunkatayitsa mayikoŵa ndalama zokwana mayuro 12 biliyoni pachaka. N’zosadabwitsa kuti kusintha kwa zinthu kwatsopano kumene kuli m’malire a mayiko a ku Ulaya kwachititsa kukwera kwachuma. Mukamaganiza za anthu 370 miliyoni okhala m’mayiko a m’bungwe la EU akuyenda mwaufulu kuchoka m’dziko lina kuloŵa m’dziko lina kukachita malonda, n’zoonekeratu kuti chuma chingathe kukwera kwambiri. Kodi chachititsa kukwera kumeneku n’chiyani?

M’mbuyomu mu February 1992, atsogoleri a mayiko anachita chinthu chachikulu pofuna kulondola njira yopita kumgwirizano mwa kusayina pangano la European Union. Pangano limeneli limatchedwanso kuti Maastricht Treaty ndipo ndilo linachititsa kuti kukhale kotheka kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamalonda pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndi kukhazikitsa banki yoimira mayiko onse a m’bungweli, ndiponso ndalama yamtundu umodzi. Komabe, chinthu china chofunika chiyenera kuchitika: Kuchotsa kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wosinthanitsira ndalama. Ndiponsotu, kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wosinthanitsira ndalama kungachititse bizinesi kukhala yopindulitsa lero lokha koma maŵa ayi.

Chopinga chimenechi panjira yopita kumgwirizano chinachotsedwa mwa kukhazikitsa bungwe lotchedwa Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) ndiponso mwa kukhazikitsa ndalama yamtundu umodzi yotchedwa yuro. Mitengo yosinthanitsira ndalama tsopano inatha ndipo amalonda savutikanso ndi kudziteteza poopa kusinthasintha kwa mitengoyi. Zotsatira zake n’zakuti amalonda sakutaya ndalama zambiri ndipo akugulitsa katundu wambiri kunja. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti anthu ambiri apeze ntchito ndiponso kuti ndalama zizipezeka mosavuta, ndipo potero aliyense angapindule.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa banki yaikulu ya Ulaya yense yotchedwa European Central Bank mu 1998 chinali chinthu chinanso chofunika pa  kukhazikitsa ndalama yamtundu umodzi. Banki yoima payokha imeneyi, yomwe ili mumzinda wa Frankfurt ku Germany, ikuyang’anira chuma chonse cha mayiko a m’bungweli. Iyo ikuyesetsa kuti ndalama isachepe mphamvu m’chigawo chimene amachitcha kuti yuro, chomwe chili ndi mayiko okwana 11 a m’bungweli, * ndiponso imaonetsetsa kuti mtengo wosinthanitsira ndalama za yuro, dola, ndi yeni usamasinthesinthe.

Chotero pankhani yandalama, mbali yaikulu yokhudza mgwirizanowu yachitika. Komabe, nkhani zandalama zikusonyezanso kusiyana maganizo kwakukulu komwe kulipobe pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Nkhani Zowonjezereka Zandalama

Mayiko osaukirapo a m’bungwe la EU nawo akudandaula. Iwo akuona kuti mayiko olemera a m’bungweli sakugaŵana mokwanira chuma chawo ndi mayikoŵa. Palibe dziko limene linakana kuti m’pofunika kupatsa mayiko osaukirapo a ku Ulaya chithandizo chowonjezera cha zachuma. Komabe, mayiko olemera akuona kuti ali ndi zifukwa zoyenera zosaperekera thandizo la zachumali.

Dziko la Germany ndilo chitsanzo. Dzikoli silikujijirika monga kale popereka ndalama zothandizira mgwirizano wa Ulaya pakuti nalonso lili pa vuto la zachuma ladzaoneni. Mgwirizano wa mayiko a East Germany ndi West Germany wokha wakhala ukusakaza ndalama zokwana madola 100 biliyoni pachaka. Ndalamazi n’zokwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ndalama zonse zomwe boma limakonza kuti ligwiritse ntchito pachaka! Zochitika ngati zimenezi zachititsa kuti dziko la Germany likhale ndi ngongole zochuluka zedi moti linavutika kwambiri poyesa kukwanitsa ziyeneretso za umembala zimene bungwe la EMU linaika.

Mayiko Ena Akufuna Kuloŵa M’bungwe la EU

Posapita nthaŵi, anthu ochirikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama yamtundu umodzi akuyembekeza kuti mayiko a m’bungwe la EU amene sanaloŵebe m’bungwe la EMU adzathetsa mavuto awo chisanafike chaka cha 2002, pamene ndalama zamakobiri ndi zamapepala za yuro zikuyembekezereka kudzaloŵa m’malo mwa ndalama za mayiko a ku Ulaya zomwe zilipo panopa. Ngati mayiko a Britain, Denmark, ndi Sweden atasiya kuzengereza, anthu okhala m’mayikoŵa nawo angadzaone kuti ndalama zawo za ma paundi, kurona ndi kurono zaloŵedwa m’malo ndi ndalama ya yuro.

Padakali pano, mayiko ena asanu ndi limodzi a ku Ulaya akufuna kuloŵa nawo m’bungwe la  EU. Mayiko ake ndi Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, ndi Slovenia. Mayiko asanu enanso la Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, ndi Slovakia, nawonso akudikira nthaŵi yawo yoti aloŵe m’bungweli. Kuloŵa kwawo m’bungweli kudzawononga ndalama zambiri. Akuti m’zaka zapakati pa m’ma 2000 ndi 2006 bungwe la EU lidzayenera kupereka ndalama zokwana mayuro 80 biliyoni zothandizira mamembala khumi atsopanoŵa a ku Eastern Europe.

Komabe, ndalama zomwe mayiko atsopanoŵa adzayenera kupereka kuti akhale oyenera kuloŵa m’bungwe la EU n’zochuluka moŵirikiza kambirimbiri kuposa chithandizo chomwe adzalandire kuchokera ku bungweli. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Hungary lidzayenera kusakaza ndalama zokwana mayuro 12 biliyoni kuti likonze misewu ndi njanji zake. Dziko la Czech Republic lidzafunika kuwononga ndalama zoposa mayuro 3.4 biliyoni kuti ligulire zipangizo zokonzera madzi kuti akhale aukhondo ndipo dziko la Poland liyenera kuwononga ndalama zokwana mayuro 3 biliyoni kuti lichepetse kuwonongeka kwa mpweya chifukwa cha poizoni wotchedwa sulfur. Ngakhale zili choncho, mayikoŵa akuona kuti mapindu okhala m’bungweli ndi ochuluka kuposa mtengo woloŵera. Limodzi mwa mapinduwo ndilakuti, malonda awo ndi mayiko a m’bungwe la EU adzapita patsogolo. Komabe, mwina mayikoŵa adzayenera kudikira kwakanthaŵi ndithu. Malinga ndi zimene anthu ena akuganiza panopa,  akuti mamembala atsopanoŵa ayenera kuloledwa kuloŵa m’bungwe la EU pokhapokha bungweli litakonza bwinobwino chuma chake.

Kuipidwa, Kusankhana Mitundu, Ndiponso Ulova

Ngakhale kuti pachitika zinthu zambiri pofuna mgwirizano wokulirapo, mayiko a ku Ulaya ndiponso a kunja kwa Ulaya akuda nkhaŵa ndi zimene zikuchitika ku Ulaya. Palinso nkhaŵa yaikulu ya mmene angathetsere nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni monga zomwe zikuchitika m’zigawo zogaŵanika za ku Balkan, choyamba nkhondo ya ku Bosnia ndipo kenako nkhondo ya ku Kosovo. Mayiko a m’bungwe la EU nthaŵi zambiri amasiyana maganizo pa mmene angathetsere nkhondo ngati zimenezi ku Ulaya ndiponso kwina konse. Popeza kuti EU si chitaganya cha mayiko ndipo kuti m’mayiko ake ilibe mfundo zofanana zokhudza mayiko akunja, nthaŵi zambiri zofuna zamayikowo ndizo zimatenga mbali yaikulu. Mwachionekere, zofuna zadziko ndicho chopinga chachikulu cha ‘Mayiko Ogwirizana a ku Ulaya.’

Komabe, vuto linanso lalikulu la Ulaya ndilo kukula kwa ulova. Anthu oyenera kukhala pa ntchito amene ali paulova angakwane 10 peresenti. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu oposa 16 miliyoni sali pantchito. M’mayiko ambiri achinyamata amene chiŵerengero chawo n’chokwana gawo limodzi mwamagawo anayi a chiŵerengero cha anthu onse a m’mayiko a m’bungwe la EU, ayesetsa kuti apeze ntchito koma alephera. N’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri akuona kuti kulimbana ndi ulova womwe wakula kwambiri ndicho chinthu chothetsa nzeru chachikulu koposa ku Ulaya! Padakali pano, kuyesa kukonzanso ntchito yopezera anthu ntchito sikunathandize.

Komabe, pali chopinga china chachikulupo panjira yopita kumgwirizano imeneyi.

Kodi Akulamulira Ndani?

Ulamuliro udakali chopinga chachikulu koposa kuti mgwirizano wa Ulaya utheke. Mayiko omwe ndi mamembala ayenera kugwirizana pa nkhani ya mphamvu zimene mayikoŵa akufuna kukhala nazo m’bungweli. Cholinga cha EU ndicho kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wogwira ntchito m’mayiko ake onse. Izi zikalephereka, ndiye kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama ya yuro kudzakhala ngati “kupambana kosakhalitsa,” inatero nyuzipepala yotchedwa Le Monde. Komabe, mayiko ena a m’bungweli akuona kuti mfundo yoti asiye ulamuliro wawo n’njovuta kuivomereza. Mwachitsanzo, mtsogoleri wadziko lina la m’bungwe la EU ananena kuti, dziko lake “linabadwira kudzatsogolera mayiko anzake osati kutsogoleredwa ayi.”

N’chifukwa chake, mayiko ang’onoang’ono a m’bungweli akuopa kuti m’kupita kwanthaŵi mayiko akuluakulu adzawalamulira ndipo adzakana kuvomereza mfundo zimene zingadzasokoneze zofuna zawo. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ang’onoang’ono sakudziŵa kuti kaya adzasankha bwanji mayiko amene malikulu a nthambi zosiyanasiyana za bungwe la EU adzakhaleko. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwabasi chifukwa nthambi zimenezi zimawonjezera mwayi wantchito m’mayiko omwe zili.

Poona zopinga zochititsa mantha zimene zili panjira yopita kumgwirizanowu monga, vuto lazachuma, nkhondo, ulova, ndiponso kusankhana mitundu, kungaoneke kuti n’kosavuta kugwa ulesi ndi nkhani yamgwirizano wa Ulaya. Komabe, mfundo n’njakuti, zinthu zapita patsogolo kwambiri. N’zosadziŵika kuti kaya kutsogoloku zifika potani. Mavuto amene anthu omwe akuyesa kugwirizanitsa Ulaya akukumana nawo kwenikweni ndiwonso amene maboma onse aanthu akukumana nawo.

Kodi zidzatheka n’komwe kupanga boma limene lingathetse mavuto monga chidani cha pakati pa mitundu yosiyana, ulova, umphaŵi, ndiponso nkhondo? Kodi n’kwanzeru kuganizira zakuti kungadzakhale dziko la anthu okhala mogwirizana? Nkhani yotsatira idzapereka yankho limene mwina lingakudabwitseni.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 14]

Yuro Ikubwera!

Ngakhale kuti ndalama zamakobiri ndi zamapepala za mayiko amene ali m’bungwe la European Union zimene zilipo panopa sizidzachotsedwa mpaka chaka cha 2002, malonda amene safuna kulipiriratu ndalama nthaŵi yomweyo anayamba kale kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mayuro. Mabanki akhala akuchita ntchito yaikulu kwambiri pa kusintha kwa ndalama kumeneku. Komabe, mitengo yosinthanira ndalama zamayiko amene ali m’bungweli ndi ndalama ya yuro tsopano yakhazikika. Misika yogulitsa ndalama nayonso ikusonyeza mitengo ya ndalama m’ma yuro. Masitolo ndiponso a malonda ambiri tsopano akuika mitengo ya katundu wawo m’ma yuro komanso m’ndalama za kudzikolo.

Malonda otereŵa amafuna kusintha kwakukulu, makamaka kwa anthu achikulire ambiri amene sadzagwiritsanso ntchito ndalama zimene anazoloŵera za mayiko akwawo monga deustchemark, franc, kapena lire. Ngakhale makina osonyeza ndalama zomwe munthu wagulira zinthu ndi chenje komanso makina a kompyuta wotapira kapena kusungitsira ndalama ku banki afunika kusinthidwa. Kuti kusintha kwa ndalama kuyende bwino, akonza ntchito yodziŵitsa anthu za kubwera kwa yuro ndiponso kuigwiritsa ntchito kwake.

Kaya kwatsala zopinga zotani, yuro ikubwera basi. Ndiponsotu, kusula komanso kusindikiza ndalama ya yuro kwayamba kale. Ndipotu ndi ntchito yaikulu zedi. Ngakhale m’dziko laling’ono ngati Netherlands, lokhala ndi anthu okwana 15 miliyoni, makina adzakhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana mpaka pa January 1, 2002 kusula ndalama zamakobiri zokwana 2.8 biliyoni ndiponso kusindikiza ndalama zamapepala zokwana 380 miliyoni. Ngati ndalama zonse zamapepala zatsopanozi atazisanjika pamodzi, zingafike makilomita 20 kupita m’mwamba!

[Bokosi patsamba 15]

“Kodi N’chipululutso cha Ulaya”?

Kumayambiriro a 1999 European Commission, lomwe ndi bungwe la akuluakulu olamulira European Union (EU), linapulumukira m’kamwa mwa mbuzi. Bungweli linaimbidwa milandu yoti linkachita zachinyengo, katangale, ndiponso kukondera. Komiti inapangidwa kuti ifufuze za milanduyo. Patatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi ya kufufuzako, komitiyo inapeza kuti bungweli linkachitadi zachinyengo ndiponso kuti silinkayendetsa bwino zinthu. Komabe, komiti yofufuzayo sinapeze umboni wakuti akuluakulu a m’bungweli anathira ndalamazo m’matumba mwawo.

Atalengeza lipoti la komiti yofufuzayo, akuluakulu onse a European Commission anatula pansi maudindo awo m’March 1999, chinthu chomwe sichinachitikepo. Izi zinachititsa vuto losaneneka m’bungwe la EU. Magazini yotchedwa Time inatcha vutoli kuti “Chipululutso cha Ulaya.” Kupita kwanthaŵi kokha ndiko kudzasonyeza mmene vutoli lidzakhudzire ntchito yogwirizanitsa Ulaya.

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Kudutsa malire a mayiko a ku Ulaya sikovutanso tsopano

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Banki yotchedwa European Central Bank, mumzinda wa Frankfurt ku Germany, inakhazikitsidwa mu 1998