Ikintu gikomeye cyane kuruta ubutunzi bwose bwo mu Misiri

MOSE abarirwa mu bantu bakomeye cyane kuruta abandi bose babayeho mu mateka. Ibitabo bine bya Bibiliya—uhereye mu Kuva ukageza mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri—urebye bivuga gusa ibihereranye n’ibyo Imana yagiriye Abisirayeli igihe bayoborwaga na Mose. Yabayoboye bava mu Misiri, aba umuhuza w’isezerano ry’Amategeko, kandi ayobora Abisirayeli abageza ku nkengero z’Igihugu cy’Isezerano. Mose yari yararerewe mu rugo rwa Farawo, ariko yaje kuba umuyobozi wemewe w’ubwoko bw’Imana, aba n’umuhanuzi, umucamanza ndetse n’umwanditsi wahumekewe n’Imana. Nyamara kandi, yari ‘umugwaneza kurusha abantu bose.’—Kubara 12:3.

Ibyinshi mu bintu Bibiliya ivuga ku bihereranye na Mose byerekeza ku myaka 40 ya nyuma y’ubuzima bwe, uhereye igihe Abisirayeli bavanwaga mu buretwa kugeza igihe Mose yapfaga afite imyaka 120. Kuva igihe yari afite imyaka 40 kugeza igihe yari agejeje muri 80, yabaye umushumba i Midiyani. Ariko kandi, igitabo kimwe kivuga ko imyaka 40 ya mbere y’ubuzima bwe, ni ukuvuga kuva igihe yavukaga kugeza aho ahungiye akava mu Misiri, “ishobora kuba ari yo myaka y’ubuzima bwe ishishikaje cyane kuruta iyindi, nyamara ikaba ari na yo idasobanutse neza kuruta iyindi.” Ariko se, ni iki dushobora kumenya ku bihereranye n’icyo gihe? Ni mu buhe buryo imimerere Mose yarerewemo ishobora kuba yaragize ingaruka ku muntu yaje kuba we? Ni ibihe bintu byari kumugiraho ingaruka? Ni izihe ngorane agomba kuba yarahanganye na zo? Kandi se, ni iki ibyo byose bishobora kutwigisha?

Uburetwa mu Misiri

Igitabo cyo Kuva kivuga ko Farawo yatangiye gutinya Abisirayeli bari batuye mu Misiri kubera ukuntu biyongeraga cyane. Yagerageje gutuma umubare wabo ugabanuka binyuriye mu kubakoresha imirimo y’uburetwa yarangwaga n’igitugu bashyirwagaho n’abakoresha babo babakubitaga ibiboko—bakabikoreza imitwaro iremereye, bakabakatisha ibumba kandi bakabasaba kubumba umubare runaka w’amatafari buri munsi, ibyo byose akabikora atekereza ko yari yabigiye “ubwenge.”—Kuva 1:8-14; 5:6-18.

Iyo mimerere yo mu Misiri Mose yavukiyemo ihuza neza n’ibivugwa mu mateka. Hari inyandiko ya kera yanditswe ku mfunzo n’igishushanyo nibura kimwe cyashushanyijwe ku gituro bigaragaza ibihereranye n’imibumbire y’amatafari ya rukarakara, byakorwaga n’abacakara mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri M.I.C. cyangwa mbere y’aho. Abakuru babaga bashinzwe ibyo kubumba amatafari bafataga abacakara babarirwa mu magana bakabashyira mu matsinda y’abantu 6 kugeza kuri 18 bakayoborwa n’umuntu  umwe. Ibumba ryo gukoramo amatafari ryagombaga gucukurwa kandi ibyatsi bavangaga mu ibumba na byo bajyaga kubizana bakabigeza aho babumbiraga. Abakozi bavuye mu bihugu bitandukanye bavomaga amazi, maze bakayavanga n’ibumba n’ibyatsi bakoresheje amasuka. Babumbaga amatafari umurongo ku wundi bakoresheje amaforomo y’urukiramende. Hanyuma abakozi bikoreraga imigogo yariho imitwaro y’amatafari yumye bakayijyana ku bibanza, rimwe na rimwe bakaba barahageraga banyuze ku iteme. Abagenzuzi b’Abanyamisiri, babaga bafite inkoni, baricaraga cyangwa bakigenzagenza mu bakozi mu gihe babaga bagenzura uko imirimo yabaga igenda.

Hari inyandiko ya kera y’ibaruramari yavuze ku bihereranye n’amatafari 39.118 yabumbwe n’abakozi 602, ibyo bikaba bingana na mwayeni y’amatafari 65 kuri buri muntu wabaga uri mu itsinda ry’abakozi bakoraga basimburana. Hari n’inyandiko yo mu kinyejana cya 13 M.I.C. igira iti “abagabo babumba . . . umubare runaka w’amatafari bategetswe kubumba buri munsi.” Ibyo byose bihuza neza n’akazi Abisirayeli basabwaga gukora nk’uko bivugwa mu gitabo cyo Kuva.

Ibyo gukandamiza Abaheburayo ntibyatumye umubare wabo ugabanuka. Ahubwo, ‘uko [Abanyegiputa] barushagaho kubababaza, na bo ni ko barushagaho kugwira. Abanyegiputa [batinyaga] Abisirayeli bakabanga urunuka’ (Kuva 1:10, 12). Ku bw’ibyo, Farawo yategetse mbere na mbere ababyaza b’Abaheburayokazi, hanyuma ategeka n’abandi baturage be bose kujya bica buri mwana w’umuhungu w’Umwisirayeli wari kuvuka. Mose yavutse mu gihe hariho iyo mimerere iteye ubwoba, akaba yari umwana uteye ubwuzu, wabyawe na Yokebedi na Amuramu.—Kuva 1:15-22; 6:20; Ibyakozwe 7:20.

Yarahishwe, Baza Kumubona, Maze Arerwa n’Undi Muntu Waje Kumugira Umwana We

Ababyeyi ba Mose bahinyuye itegeko rya kirimbuzi ryari ryatanzwe na Farawo, maze bahisha agahungu kabo. Baba se barabikoze, kandi hari abantu babatataga n’abandi basakaga amazu bacaracaraga aho bahiga impinja? Ntidushobora kubyemeza. Ibyo ari byo byose, ababyeyi ba Mose bamuhishe amezi atatu, maze nyuma y’aho ntibaba bagishoboye gukomeza kumuhisha. Ku bw’ibyo, nyina wari warihebye yaboshye agatebo mu mfunzo, agahomesha ubushishi kugira ngo amazi atinjiramo, maze akaryamishamo akana ke. Mu rugero runaka, Yokebedi yumviye itegeko rya Farawo, nubwo atubahirije icyo ryari rigamije, itegeko ryasabaga ko buri mwana w’umuhungu w’Umuheburayo wese wavukaga ajugunywa mu ruzi rwa Nili. Hanyuma, Miriyamu, mushiki wa Mose, yahagaze hafi aho kugira ngo akomeze acunge.—Kuva 1:22–2:4.

Ntituzi niba Yokebedi yarashakaga ko Mose abonwa n’umukobwa wa Farawo mu gihe yari kuba aje koga muri urwo ruzi, ariko ni ko byagenze. Uwo mukobwa w’umwami yamenye ko uwo yari umwana w’Umuheburayo. Ni iki yari gukora? Mbese, yari kumvira itegeko rya se, maze agategeka ko bica uwo mwana? Oya, yakoze nk’uko ubusanzwe abagore benshi bari guhita bakora. Yakoze igikorwa kirangwa n’impuhwe.

Bidatinze Miriyamu yari yamugezeho. Yaramubajije ati ‘sinajya se kukuzanira Umuheburayokazi akamukurerera?’ Abantu bamwe babona ko muri uwo  murongo havugwamo ibintu bihabanye cyane. Hagaragazwamo ukuntu mushiki wa Mose yari afite imitekerereze itandukanye cyane n’iya Farawo, wacuze umugambi n’abajyanama be wo kwigira “ubwenge” Abaheburayo. Birumvikana ariko ko kuba Mose yari gukomeza kubaho byemejwe gusa igihe umukobwa w’umwami yemeraga inama yari agiriwe na mushiki we! Umukobwa wa Farawo yarashubije ati “nuko genda umunzanire,” hanyuma Miriyamu ahita ajya guhamagara nyina. Bamaze guciririkanywa ibi bigaragara, Yokebedi yahawe akazi ko kurera umwana we bwite, abifashijwemo n’ibwami.—Kuva 2:5-9.

Nta gushidikanya ko impuhwe zagaragajwe n’umukobwa w’umwami zari zihabanye n’ubugome bwa se. Ntiyari ayobewe iby’uwo mwana cyangwa ngo yemere gushukwa ku bihereranye na we. Impuhwe zirangwa no kwishyira mu mwanya w’abandi zatumye yemera kumurera akamugira uwe, kandi no kuba yaremeye ko Umuheburayokazi amumurerera akamwonsa, bigaragaza ko atari afite urwikekwe nk’urwa se.

Uburere n’Inyigisho Yahawe

Yokebedi ‘yajyanye uwo mwana, aramurera. Umwana arakura, amushyira umukobwa wa Farawo, ahinduka umwana we’ (Kuva 2:9, 10). Bibiliya ntivuga uko igihe Mose yamaranye n’ababyeyi be nyakuri kingana. Bamwe batekereza ko agomba kuba nibura yaragejeje igihe yari acutse—ni ukuvuga igihe yari afite imyaka ibiri cyangwa itatu—ariko ashobora kuba yarakirengeje. Igitabo cyo Kuva kivuga gusa ko ‘yakuze’ ari kumwe n’ababyeyi be, ibyo bikaba bishobora kuba bisobanura ko ari ukugeza ku myaka runaka itaravuzwe umubare. Ibyo ari byo byose, nta gushidikanya ko Amuramu na Yokebedi bakoresheje icyo gihe kugira ngo bamenyeshe umwana wabo ko yakomokaga ku Baheburayo, kandi banamwigishe ibihereranye na Yehova. Igihe ni cyo cyari kugaragaza niba barashoboye gucengeza mu mutima w’umwana wabo Mose ukwizera no gukunda ibyo gukiranuka.

Igihe Mose yari amaze gusubizwa umukobwa wa Farawo, yigishijwe “ubwenge bwose bw’Abanyegiputa” (Ibyakozwe 7:22). Ibyo bishobora kuba byari bikubiyemo inyigisho yari gutuma Mose yuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo azagire umwanya muri leta. Inyigisho zo mu Misiri zari zikubiyemo imibare, jewometiri, gukora ibishushanyo mbonera by’amazu, ubwubatsi n’indi myuga, hamwe na za siyansi. Birashoboka ko umuryango wa cyami washakaga ko yigishwa iyobokamana ryo mu Misiri.

Mose ashobora kuba yarahawe inyigisho zihariye ari kumwe n’abandi bana b’abami. Mu bantu bahawe izo nyigisho zari zigenewe abantu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru, harimo “abana b’abategetsi bo mu bindi bihugu babaga baroherejwe mu Misiri cyangwa baragizwe ingwate kugira ngo ‘bigishwe ibihereranye n’isanzuramuco’ maze bazasubizweyo ari abami” bizerwa bategekera Farawo (Byavuye mu gitabo cyitwa The Reign of Thutmose IV, cyanditswe na Betsy M. Bryan). Amashuri y’ibiburamwaka y’ibwami asa n’aho yateguriraga abakiri bato kuzaba abatware b’ibwami. * Inyandiko zo ku ngoma ya 11 n’iya 12 z’Ubwami bwa Misiri n’izo ku ngoma ya 18 kugeza ku ya 20, zigaragaza ko ibisonga bimwe na bimwe bya Farawo ubwe n’abakozi ba leta bo mu rwego rwo hejuru, bagumanye izina ry’icyubahiro ry’ “Abana bo mu Kiburamwaka” ndetse n’igihe bari bamaze kuba bakuru.

Ubuzima bw’ibwami bwashoboraga kubera Mose ikigeragezo. Bwatumaga umuntu agira ubukire, iraha n’ububasha. Nanone, hari akaga mu birebana n’umuco. Mose yari kubyifatamo ate? Yari kuba indahemuka kuri nde? Mu by’ukuri se, yari kuba umwe mu basenga Yehova, ni ukuvuga mwene wabo w’Abaheburayo bakandamizwaga, cyangwa ahubwo yari guhitamo ibintu byose Misiri y’abapagani yashoboraga kumuha?

 Umwanzuro w’Ingenzi Cyane

Igihe Mose yari agejeje ku myaka 40, muri icyo gihe akaba yaragombaga kuba yarabaye Umunyamisiri wuzuye, ‘yasanze bene wabo, abona uburetwa barimo.’ Ibintu yakoze nyuma y’aho byagaragaje ko atari ajyanywe n’amatsiko masa; yari afite icyifuzo gikomeye cyo kubafasha. Igihe yabonaga Umunyamisiri akubita Umuheburayo, yahise atabara, yica uwo wamukoreraga ibintu by’ubugome. Icyo gikorwa cyagaragaje ko Mose yari mu ruhande rwa bene wabo. Uko bigaragara, uwo mugabo wari wapfuye yari umutegetsi mukuru, wari wishwe igihe yarimo asohoza inshingano ze. Mu maso y’Abanyamisiri, Mose yari afite impamvu zose zo kuba indahemuka kuri Farawo. Nyamara, ikintu cyasunikiye Mose gukora ibyo, ni uko nanone yakundaga ubutabera, umuco waje kurushaho kugaragara bukeye bw’aho igihe yacyahaga Umuheburayo warimo akubita mugenzi we amuziza ubusa. Mose yari afite icyifuzo cyo kubohora Abaheburayo abavana mu buretwa bubabaje barimo, ariko igihe Farawo yamenyaga ko yamutatiye, yashatse kumwica, nuko Mose ahatirwa guhungira i Midiyani.—Kuva 2:11-15; Ibyakozwe 7:23-29. *

Igihe Mose yashakiye kubohora ubwoko bw’Imana abuvana mu bubata nticyari gihuye n’icyo Yehova yari yaragennye. Ibyo ari byo byose ariko, ibikorwa bye byagaragaje ko yari afite ukwizera. Mu Baheburayo 11:24-26, hagira hati “kwizera ni ko kwatumye Mose, ubwo yari amaze gukura, yanga kwitwa umuhungu w’umukobwa wa Farawo, ahubwo agahitamo kurengananywa n’ubwoko bw’Imana, abirutisha kumara umwanya yishimira ibinezeza by’ibyaha.” Kubera iki? “Kuko yatekereje yuko gutukwa, bamuhora Kristo, ari ubutunzi buruta ubwo Abanyegiputa babitse bwose, kuko yatumbiraga ingororano azagororerwa.” Kuba muri uwo murongo harakoreshejwemo izina “Kristo,” risobanurwa ngo “uwasizwe,” bihuje n’imimerere ya Mose kuko nyuma y’aho yaje guhabwa umurimo wihariye, akaba yarawuhawe na Yehova mu buryo butaziguye.

Tekereza nawe! Mose yari yarahawe uburere bwashoboraga guhabwa gusa Umunyamisiri wo mu rwego rwo hejuru! Umwanya yari afite washoboraga kumuhesha umurimo uhebuje n’ibinezeza byose bishoboka, nyamara yabiteye umugongo byose. Ntiyashoboraga kubangikanya ubuzima bwo mu rugo rw’ibwami kwa Farawo, wari umunyagitugu, n’urukundo yakundaga Yehova ndetse n’ukuntu yakundaga ubutabera. Kuba Mose yari azi amasezerano Imana yagiranye n’abasekuruza be Aburahamu, Isaka na Yakobo kandi akaba yarayatekerezagaho, byatumye ahitamo kwemerwa n’Imana. Ingaruka zabaye iz’uko Yehova yashoboye gukoresha Mose umurimo wihariye kugira ngo asohoze imigambi Ye.

Twese duhangana n’imimerere idusaba guhitamo ibintu by’ingenzi cyane kurusha ibindi. Kimwe na Mose, wenda uhanganye n’imimerere igusaba gufata umwanzuro utoroshye. Mbese, ushobora kureka ingeso runaka cyangwa se ibintu bigaragara ko bigufitiye inyungu, uko ibyo byaba bigusaba kwigomwa byaba bingana kose? Niba ayo ari yo mahitamo ugomba kugira, wibuke ko Mose yabonye ko kugirana ubucuti na Yehova ari byo by’agaciro kurusha ubutunzi bwo mu Misiri bwose, kandi ko atigeze abyicuza.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 11]

Amasezerano yo Kureresha Umwana

Ubusanzwe, ababyeyi biyonkerezaga abana babo. Ariko kandi, mu kinyamakuru cyitwa Journal of Biblical Literature, intiti yitwa Brevard Childs yaravuze iti “rimwe na rimwe imiryango y’ibikomerezwa [yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati] yahaga akazi umuntu wo kubarerera abana akanabonsa. Nanone ibyo byakorwaga igihe umubyeyi yabaga adashoboye konsa umwana we cyangwa igihe nyina w’umwana yabaga atazwi. Uwo murezi yakoraga akazi ko kurera uwo mwana no kumwonsa mu gihe runaka cyabaga cyaragenwe.” Amwe mu masezerano yo kureresha umwana yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati yo mu bihe bya kera yari yanditse ku mfunzo, aracyariho. Izo nyandiko zitanga igihamya cy’uko uwo muco wari wogeye kuva mu gihe cy’Abasumeri kugeza igihe cya nyuma cy’ubutegetsi bw‘Abagiriki mu Misiri. Ibintu bakundaga gushyira muri izo nyandiko ni nk’amagambo yabaga yaravuzwe n’abantu barebwaga n’ayo masezerano, igihe ayo masezerano yamaze, imimerere y’akazi, ibintu byihariye abana bagombaga kugaburirwa, amande yagombaga gucibwa uwabaga yarenze ku masezerano, umushahara wasabwaga, n’ukuntu wagombaga kwishyurwa. Childs yavuze ko ubusanzwe, “kurera byamaraga igihe kirenze imyaka ibiri cyangwa itatu. Uwo murezi yarereraga umwana mu rugo iwe, ariko rimwe na rimwe yasabwaga kumugarurira nyirawe kugira ngo asuzume uko amerewe.”

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

Uko amatafari yabumbwaga mu Misiri ntibyahindutse cyane uhereye mu gihe cya Mose, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ishusho imwe ya kera

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Ahagana haruguru: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.; ahagana hasi: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY