“Bahamagara abanyarukiko”

UMUTAMBYI mukuru n’abatware b’Abayahudi bari bashobewe. Ni iki bashoboraga gukora ngo bacecekeshe abantu bari bashyigikiye Yesu Kristo? Uwo mutambyi n’abo batware bari baramwicishije, ariko noneho abigishwa be bari bujuje muri Yerusalemu inyigisho zivuga ko yazutse. Ni gute bari kubacecekesha? Kugira ngo bafate umwanzuro, umutambyi mukuru n’abari bamwungirije ‘bahamagaye abanyarukiko,’ ni ukuvuga abari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi (Sanedirini).—Ibyakozwe 5:21.

Icyo gihe, Umutware w’Umuroma witwaga Ponsiyo Pilato ni we wari ufite ububasha busumba ubw’abandi muri Isirayeli. Ariko se ni gute Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwakoranaga na Pilato? Urwo rukiko rwari rufite ubuhe bubasha, kandi se Pilato we yari afite ubuhe? Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwari rugizwe na bande? Kandi se rwakoraga rute?

Amavu n’amavuko y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi

Ijambo ry’Ikigiriki ryahinduwemo “Sanedirini,” rifashwe uko ryakabaye risobanurwa ngo “kwicarana.” Muri rusange, iryo jambo ryumvikanishaga iteraniro cyangwa inama. Mu muco w’Abayahudi, iryo jambo ryerekezaga ku nteko yo mu rwego rw’idini yari ishinzwe guca imanza, cyangwa se rikerekeza ku rukiko.

Abanditse Talmud (ari rwo rutonde rw’amategeko yagengaga iby’idini n’imibereho isanzwe y’Abayahudi), ikaba yaranditswe mu binyejana byakurikiye irimbuka rya Yerusalemu ryo mu mwaka wa 70, bavuze ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwabayeho kuva kera. Bakekaga ko igihe cyose rwabaga rugizwe n’intiti zahuraga zikaganira ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe zo mu Mategeko y’Abayahudi, kandi bagatekereza ko rwabayeho kuva igihe Mose yateranyaga abakuru 70 kugira ngo bamufashe kuyobora  Isirayeli (Kubara 11:16, 17). Icyakora, abahanga mu by’amateka ntibemera icyo gitekerezo. Bavuga ko mbere y’uko ubwami bw’Abaperesi butegeka Isirayeli, nta kintu gisa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwo mu kinyejana cya mbere cyabagaho. Bemeza kandi ko itsinda ry’intiti ryari rigizwe n’abahanga mu bya Talmud risa n’irifitanye isano cyane n’amatsinda ya ba rabi yo mu kinyejana cya kabiri n’icya gatatu, kurusha uko ryarigirana n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi. None se, urwo Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwabayeho ryari?

Bibiliya igaragaza ko Abayahudi bagarutse bavuye mu bunyage i Babuloni mu mwaka wa 537 Mbere ya Yesu bari bafite ubutegetsi bwakoreraga mu gihugu cyose. Nehemiya na Ezira bavuze ko Abayahudi bari bafite abatware cyangwa ibikomangoma, abakuru, imfura n’abategetsi bungirije, bikaba bishoboka ko ari bo baje kuvamo abagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi.—Ezira 10:8; Nehemiya 5:7.

Uhereye igihe Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo byarangirije kwandikwa ukageza igihe Ivanjiri ya Matayo yandikiwe, Abayahudi bari mu muvurungano. Mu mwaka wa 332 Mbere ya Yesu, Alexandre le Grand yigaruriye u Buyuda. Aho amariye gupfa, u Buyuda bwigaruriwe n’ubwami bubiri bw’Abagiriki bwakomotse ku bwa Alexandre. Habanje gutegeka ubwami bwa ba Ptolemée, hakurikiraho ubw’Abaseluside. Mu nyandiko zo ku ngoma y’Abaseluside yatangiye mu mwaka wa 198 Mbere ya Yesu, ni ho hambere havugwa inteko ishinga amategeko y’Abayahudi. Iyo nteko ishobora kuba itari ifite ububasha busesuye, ariko yatumaga Abayahudi bamera nk’aho bigenga.

Mu mwaka wa 167 Mbere ya Yesu, Umwami w’Abaseluside witwaga Antiochus wa IV (Épiphane) yagerageje guhatira Abayahudi kugendera ku muco w’Abagiriki. Yahumanyije urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu aturira imana yitwaga Zewu igitambo cy’ingurube ku gicaniro cyarwo. Ibyo byateje imyivumbagatanyo yatumye Abamakabe bahirika ingoma y’Abaseluside, bimika iy’Abahasimonayo. * Hagati aho, abanditsi n’Abafarisayo, ari bo bayobozi ba rubanda bari bashyigikiye imyivumbagatanyo, bahawe imyanya ikomeye mu buyobozi, bityo abatambyi batakaza ububasha bari bafite.

Nk’uko bigaragara mu Byanditswe bya Kigiriki, icyo gihe Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwagendaga rukomera. Ni rwo rwari kuzavamo inama ishinzwe ubuyobozi bw’igihugu ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwari rushinzwe gusobanura amategeko y’Abayahudi.

Ububasha buciriritse

Ahagana mu kinyejana cya mbere, Roma yari yarigaruriye u Buyuda. Icyakora, Abayahudi barishyiraga bakizana mu rugero runaka. Abaroma bari bafite politiki yo guha abaturage bigaruriye uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho ubutegetsi. Ku bw’ibyo, abategetsi b’Abaroma ntibivangaga mu mirimo yakorwaga n’inkiko zo mu bihugu babaga barigaruriye, kandi birindaga ibibazo byashoboraga guterwa n’uko imico y’abo baturage itandukanye n’iy’Abaroma. Bari bagamije kwimakaza amahoro mu baturage bategekaga no kubashishikariza kuganduka. Kugira ngo ibyo babigereho, barekaga abaturage bagakurikiza imigenzo y’iwabo, kandi bakabaha uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Uretse kuba Abaroma barashyiragaho umutambyi mukuru wabaga ayoboye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi bakanamukuraho, bakaba baragenaga n’imisoro yagombaga gutangwa, ubundi ntibivangaga mu bikorwa by’Abayahudi, keretse  gusa iyo babaga bashaka kurwana ku butegetsi bw’Abaroma no ku nyungu zabo. Nk’uko urubanza Yesu yaciriwe rubigaragaza, Roma ishobora kuba ari yo yakomeje kugira ububasha bwo gutanga igihano cy’urupfu.—Yohana 18:31.

Bityo rero, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwagenzuraga ibyinshi mu bikorwa by’Abayahudi byakorerwaga mu gihugu. Rwari rufite abasirikare bakuru bari bashinzwe gufata abantu (Yohana 7:32). Inkiko zo hasi zacaga imanza z’ibyaha byoroheje n’iza abaturage babaga bagiranye ibibazo, Roma itabyivanzemo. Iyo izo nkiko zananirwaga guca urubanza, rwoherezwaga mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, ari na rwo rwafataga umwanzuro wa nyuma.

Kugira ngo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rukomeze kugira ububasha bwarwo, rwagombaga kubumbatira amahoro kandi rugashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma. Ariko iyo Abaroma bakekagaho umuntu ibyaha bya politiki, urwo rubanza bararwiciraga bakurikije uko babyumva. Urugero twafata ni urw’ibyabaye igihe intumwa Pawulo yafatwaga.—Ibyakozwe 21:31-40.

Abari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwabaga rugizwe n’abantu 71, ni ukuvuga umutambyi mukuru n’abandi bantu 70 babaga bakomeye mu gihugu. Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma, urwo rukiko rwabaga rugizwe n’abatambyi bakomeye (ahanini babaga ari Abasadukayo), abantu bakomeye batari abanyedini, n’abanditsi b’intiti bo mu gice cy’Abafarisayo. Abatambyi bakomeye, bashyigikiwe n’abandi bantu bakomeye batari abanyedini, ni bo babaga bafite ijambo muri urwo rukiko. * Abasadukayo batsimbararaga ku bitekerezo byabo, ariko Abafarisayo bo bashoboraga kwemera ibitekerezo by’abandi, kandi ahanini bari abantu bo muri rubanda, abaturage bumva vuba. Dukurikije uko umuhanga mu by’amateka witwaga Josèphe yabivuze, Abasadukayo ntibapfaga kwemera ibyo Abafarisayo basabye. Igihe Pawulo yireguraga imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, yuririye ku bwumvikane buke bwabaga hagati y’ayo matsinda yombi no ku bintu batemeranyagaho mu myizerere yabo.—Ibyakozwe 23:6-9.

Kuba ababaga bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi bari abantu bakomoka mu miryango ikomeye, byatumaga ababaga barugize bakomeza kurubamo, kandi hagira uvamo abasigaye bakamusimbuza undi. Dukurikije ibivugwa muri Mishna (ari cyo gitabo gikubiyemo ibisobanuro by’Amategeko cyanditswe na ba rabi), abantu bashya bahabwaga imyanya muri urwo rukiko bagombaga kuba ari “abatambyi, Abalewi n’Abisirayeli babaga bafite abakobwa bashoboraga gushyingiranwa n’abatambyi;” ni ukuvuga Abayahudi bashoboraga kuvuga ibisekuru byabo, bakerekana ko bakomoka mu Bayahudi. Kubera ko urwo Rukiko rw’ikirenga ari rwo rwagenzuraga izindi nkiko zose zo mu gihugu, birumvikana ko abantu babaga bazwiho ubushobozi mu nkiko zo hasi bazamurwaga mu ntera, bagashyirwa mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi.

Ububasha n’ubushobozi rwari rufite

Abayahudi bubahaga cyane Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, kandi abacamanza bo mu nkiko zo hasi bagombaga kwemera imyanzuro rufashe kugira ngo baticwa. Urwo rukiko rwitaga cyane ku bintu abatambyi bagombaga kuba bujuje, ku bibazo birebana na Yerusalemu, urusengero rwaho, na gahunda yo gusenga yakurikizwaga muri urwo rusengero. Ubusanzwe, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwagiraga ububasha ku baturage bo mu Buyuda gusa. Ariko kubera ko ari rwo rwari rufite ububasha bw’ikirenga bwo gusobanura Amategeko, ni rwo rwagenaga amategeko Abayahudi bakurikizaga ku isi yose. Urugero, umutambyi mukuru n’abajyanama be bahaye abayobozi b’amasinagogi y’i Damasiko amabwiriza ngo babafashe guta muri yombi abigishwa ba Kristo (Ibyakozwe 9:1, 2; 22:4, 5; 26:12). Muri ubwo buryo, Abayahudi bajyaga mu minsi mikuru i Yerusalemu bashobora kuba barasubiraga iwabo bajyanye inkuru zihereranye n’amabwiriza mashya Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwabaga rwatangaje.

Nk’uko bigaragara muri Mishna, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwagiraga gusa ububasha bwo gukemura ibibazo birebana n’igihugu, guhana abacamanza barwanyaga imyanzuro rwafashe no gucira imanza abahanuzi b’ibinyoma. Yesu na Sitefano bitabye urwo rukiko baregwa gutuka Imana; Petero na Yohana baregwaga kugandisha abaturage; naho Pawulo yaregwaga guhumanya urusengero.—Mariko 14:64; Ibyakozwe 4:15-17; 6:11; 23:1; 24:6.

 Urubanza rwa Yesu n’abigishwa be

Uretse ku Masabato no ku minsi mikuru, ubundi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwateranaga buri munsi, uhereye igihe batambiraga igitambo cya mu gitondo ukageza igihe baturiraga ituro rya nimugoroba. Imanza zacibwaga ku manywa gusa. Kubera ko igihano cyo kwicwa cyatangwaga urubanza rwaraye ruciwe, bene izo manza ntizacibwaga buri bucye haba Isabato cyangwa undi munsi mukuru. Abagabo bashinja uregwa babaga barihanangirijwe cyane kugira ngo bamenye ko kumena amaraso y’utariho urubanza ari ibintu bikomeye cyane. Ku bw’ibyo rero, urubanza Yesu yaciriwe nijoro hamwe n’igihano yaherewe mu rugo rwa Kayafa haraye hari bube umunsi mukuru, ntibyari byemewe n’amategeko. Ikibabaje kurushaho ni uko Abacamanza ubwabo bashakishije abagabo bo gushinja Yesu ibinyoma ndetse bakemeza Pilato ko ategeka ko yicwa.—Matayo 26:57-59; Yohana 11:47-53; 19:31.

Talmud ivuga ko igihe abacaga imanza z’ibyaha bihanishwa urupfu babaga basuzuma ibimenyetso byatanzwe, bakoraga ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bakize uregwa. Icyakora, Sitefano, kimwe na Yesu wamubanjirije, ntiyaciriwe urubanza nk’urwo. Ibyo yavuze yiregura imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi byatumye imbaga y’abantu imutera amabuye. Intumwa Pawulo na we aba yarishwe atyo iyo Abaroma batahagoboka. Mu by’ukuri, abacamanza bo mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi bari barahiriye kumwica.—Ibyakozwe 6:12; 7:58; 23:6-15.

Hari nibura abantu bake mu bari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi basa n’aho bagenderaga ku mahame mbwirizamuco. Umutegetsi w’Umuyahudi wari ukiri muto wavuganye na Yesu, ashobora kuba yari umwe mu bari bagize urwo Rrukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi. Nubwo ubutunzi bwe bwamubereye inzitizi, agomba kuba yari afite imico myiza kuko Yesu yamubwiye ngo aze abe umwigishwa we.—Matayo 19:16-22; Luka 18:18, 22.

Nikodemu, “umutware wo mu Bayuda,” ashobora kuba yaragiye kureba Yesu yitwikiriye ijoro kubera gutinya ibyo abacamanza bagenzi be bari bumutekerezeho. Icyakora, Nikodemu yavuganiye Yesu imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, ubwo yabazaga ati “mbese amategeko yacu acira umuntu urubanza, batabanje kumwumva no kumenya ibyo yakoze?” Nyuma yaho, Nikodemu yatanze “ishangi ivanze n’umusaga” kugira ngo bategurire umurambo wa Yesu guhambwa.—Yohana 3:1, 2; 7:51, 52; 19:39.

Yozefu wo muri Arimataya, na we wari umwe mu bari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, yagize ubutwari bwo gusaba Pilato umurambo wa Yesu, awuhamba mu mva ye nshya. Yozefu “yategerezaga Ubwami bw’Imana,” ariko akanga kugaragaza ko ari umwigishwa wa Kristo, kuko yatinyaga Abayahudi. Icyakora, Yozefu ashimirwa ko atifatanyije n’abari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi mu mugambi wabo wo kwica Yesu.—Mariko 15:43-46; Matayo 27:57-60; Luka 23:50-53; Yohana 19:38.

Gamaliyeli, umwe mu bari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi, yagiriye abacamanza bagenzi be inama nziza yo kureka abigishwa ba Yesu. Yarababwiye ati “mwirinde mutazaboneka ko murwanya Imana” (Ibyakozwe 5:34-39). Ni iki cyabujije abagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kwemera ko Yesu n’abigishwa be bari bashyigikiwe n’Imana? Aho kugira ngo abari abagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi bemere ibitangaza Yesu yakoraga, baribwiye bati “tugire dute ko uwo muntu akora ibimenyetso byinshi? Nitumurekera dutya bose bazamwizera, kandi Abaroma bazaza barimbure umurwa wacu n’ubwoko bwacu” (Yohana 11:47, 48). Inyota y’ubutegetsi yatumye abari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Abayahudi bagoreka ubutabera. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, aho kugira ngo abayobozi b’amadini bishime igihe abigishwa ba Yesu bakizaga abantu, ‘buzuye ishyari’ (Ibyakozwe 5:17). Kubera ko bari abacamanza, bagombye kuba bari abantu batinya Imana kandi barangwa n’ubutabera, ariko abenshi muri bo baryaga ruswa kandi bari indyarya.—Kuva 18:21; Gutegeka 16:18-20.

Urubanza rw’Imana

Kubera ko Abisirayeli banze kumvira Amategeko y’Imana kandi bakanga Mesiya, amaherezo Yehova yarabanze ntibongera kwitwa ubwoko yitoranyirije. Mu mwaka wa 70, Abaroma basenye umurwa wa Yerusalemu n’urusengero rwaho, maze bakuraho ubutegetsi bwose bw’Abayahudi, nyuma baza no gukuraho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi.

Yesu Kristo, Umucamanza Yehova yashyizeho, ni we uzagena niba mu bari bagize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kiyahudi rwo mu kinyejana cya mbere harimo abakwiriye kuzazuka, ndetse yerekane abo muri bo bacumuye ku mwuka wera (Mariko 3:29; Yohana 5:22). Dushobora rero kwiringira tudashidikanya ko Yesu azakoresha ubutabera busesuye ubwo azaba afata iyo myanzuro.—Yesaya 11:3-5.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]