MU MWAKA wa 1621, hari umushakashatsi w’Umutaliyani wavumbuye inyandiko yanditse mu nyuguti atari azi, mu matongo y’umugi wa kera wa Persepolis wo mu Buperesi. Mu myaka ya 1800, abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye muri Iraki inyandiko nk’izo nyinshi zanditse ku tubumbano no ku nkuta z’ingoro z’ibwami. Izo nyandiko zanditse mu ndimi zo muri Mezopotamiya zavugwaga n’abami batandukanye, urugero nka Sarigoni II, Hamurabi na Nebukadinezari II. Abandikaga izo nyandiko bakoreshaga inyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari.

Kugira ngo umuntu amenye amateka ya Mezopotamiya ya kera, byari iby’ingenzi ko asobanukirwa izo nyandiko. Intiti zasobanuye ibyanditse kuri izo nyandiko, zasanze ari ngombwa kugira inkoranyamagambo yumvikana yo mu rurimi rw’Abakadi, kuko urwo rurimi ari rwo indimi z’Abashuri n’Abanyababuloni zishamikiyeho.

Umushinga utoroshye wo kwandika iyo nkoranyamagambo watangijwe mu mwaka wa 1921, utangizwa na kaminuza yo muri Amerika (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago), urangira nyuma y’imyaka 90, mu mwaka wa 2011. Iyo nkoranyamagambo yanditswe mu rurimi rwo muri Ashuri, igizwe n’imibumbe 26, yose hamwe ikaba ifite  amapaji arenga 9.700. Irimo amagambo yo mu ndimi zakoreshwaga muri Irani, Iraki, Siriya na Turukiya, kuva mu mwaka wa 3000 Mbere ya Yesu kugeza mu mwaka wa 100.

Kuki iyo nkoranyamagambo ari nini? Kuki kuyandika byatwaye igihe kirekire cyane? Kandi se yari kuzakoreshwa na ba nde?

Umuyobozi wa ya kaminuza y’i Chicago witwa Gil Stein, yaravuze ati “iyo nkoranyamagambo si urutonde rw’amagambo gusa.” Ahubwo “igenda igaragaza inkomoko ya buri jambo n’uko ryakoreshwaga, ku buryo twavuga ko igaragaza umuco n’amateka y’abaturage bo muri Mezopotamiya, amategeko yabagengaga, ubuvanganzo n’idini ryabo. Ni igikoresho cy’ingenzi intiti zose zakwifashisha mu gihe zifuza gukora ubushakashatsi ku mateka ya Mezopotamiya.”

Abanditse iyo nkoranyamagambo batahuye hakiri kare ko “kugira ngo batange ibisobanuro nyabyo by’ijambo, bagomba kubanza kumenya aho rikoreshwa hose, atari ukugaragaza gusa ibisobanuro byaryo, ahubwo bakerekana n’interuro ribonekamo kugira ngo umuntu azamenye uburyo butandukanye rikoreshwamo.” Nguko uko iyo nkoranyamagambo yaje guhinduka umubumbe urimo interuro bandukuye bazivanye mu nyandiko zikoresha inyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari zabonekagamo ijambo bashaka gusobanura, barangiza bakanazihindura.

Mu binyejana birenga bibiri bishize, havumbuwe inyandiko nyinshi zandikishijwe inyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari, zivuga ibirebana n’ingingo zitandukanye. Ururimi rw’Abakadi, ari rwo rurimi rw’Abashuri ruvanze n’urw’Abanyababuloni, ni rwo rurimi mpuzamahanga rwakoreshwaga mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati. Abantu bo muri ako karere bandikaga ibitabo, bagacuruza, bakiga imibare, iby’inyenyeri, ubumaji, bagashyiraho amategeko, bagahanga imirimo kandi bari abanyedini. Ku bw’ibyo, ibyo banditse kuri izo ngingo hamwe n’izindi bituma dusobanukirwa byinshi.

Iyo usomye izo nyandiko, ubona ko abo baturage bari abantu basanzwe. Matthew Stolper, umwarimu wigisha ibyerekeye Ashuri muri kaminuza ya Chicago wagiye akora kuri uwo mushinga mu gihe cy’imyaka 30, yaravuze ati “ibyinshi mu biboneka muri izo nyandiko bigaragaza ko bari abantu basanzwe. Bararakaraga, bakagira ubwoba, bakifuza gukunda no gukundwa.” Yongeyeho ati “hari inyandiko zanditswe n’abami zigaragaza ukuntu bari bakomeye, n’izindi zigaragaza ko bari abantu boroheje.” Nanone inyandiko zavumbuwe mu gace ka Nuzi muri Iraki y’ubu, zibonekamo imanza zimaze imyaka 3.500 zirebana no guha umupfakazi umurage, inyandiko zivuga ibyo kuvomerera imyaka n’izivuga ibyo gutira indogobe.

Abahanga mu birebana n’ubwami bwa Ashuri bo hirya no hino ku isi, batanze umusanzu wabo kugira ngo iyo nkoranyamagambo irangire. Abakozi ba ya kaminuza bamaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo batondeka udufishi tugera hafi kuri 2.000.000, tugaragaza uko amagambo akoreshwa. Umubumbe wa mbere wajyanywe mu icapiro mu wa 1956. Kuva icyo gihe, umubumbe warangiraga wahitaga usohoka. Iyasohotse nyuma yaho yose hamwe ni 25. Nubwo imibumbe yose igize iyo nkoranyamagambo igura amadolari y’Abanyamerika agera ku 2.000, ushobora no kuyisanga kuri interineti ku buntu.

Iyo nkoranyamagambo yanditswe mu gihe cy’imyaka 90. Nubwo yatwaye iyo myaka yose, abakoze kuri uwo mushinga uhambaye bemera ko ifite ibyo ibura. Hari ingingo yagize icyo ivuga kuri uwo mushinga, igira iti “na n’ubu hari amagambo amwe n’amwe atarasobanurwa kandi hari ibigikenewe kunonosorwa, . . . kuko hari ibintu byinshi bigenda bivumburwa.”