John Milton Nsɛm A Ɔkyerɛwee A Wɔahu

NHOMAKYERƐWFO biara nni hɔ a wanya wiase no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse te sɛ John Milton a ɔkyerɛw anwensɛm a wɔato din Paradise Lost (Paradise a Ayera) a agye din wɔ England no. Obi a ɔkyerɛw Milton ho nsɛm kae sɛ “na nnipa pii dɔ no, na ebinom nso tan no, na na nnipa kakraa bi na wɔntee ne ho asɛm da.” Ebesi nnɛ no, Milton adwuma a ɔyɛe no aboa Englandfo paa wɔ nhoma a wɔakyerɛw ne wɔn amammerɛ mu.

Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na John Milton benyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse saa? Dɛn na ɛmaa nkurɔfo gyee ne nhoma a etwa to a ɔkyerɛwee, a ɛne On Christian Doctrine (Kristofo Nkyerɛkyerɛ) ho akyinnye a enti wɔantintim kosii sɛ mfe 150 twaa mu?

Ne Mmofraase

Wɔwoo John Milton wɔ afe 1608 mu too abusua bi a na wodi yiye mu wɔ London. Milton kae sɛ: “Me papa tetee me fi me mmofraase pɛɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a metumi abɛyɛ nhomakyerɛwfo. Ná mewɔ ho anigye paa ma enti midii mfe 12 rekɔ no, na misua ade ma ɛbɔ anadwo dumien ansa na makɔda.” Ná onim ade yiye ma enti onyaa Cambridge Suapɔn mu abodin krataa wɔ afe 1632 mu. Ɛno akyi no, ɔtoaa so kosuaa abakɔsɛm ne nhoma a wɔkyerɛwee wɔ tete Hela ne Romafo bere so ho ade.

Ná Milton pɛ sɛ ɔyɛ anwensɛm kyerɛwfo, nanso saa bere no na ɔman anidan gyina mu denneennen wɔ England. Oliver Cromwell titiriw na odii mmarahyɛ bagua no anim ma wɔmaa asɛnnibea bi buu Ɔhene Charles I kumfɔ wɔ afe 1649 mu. Milton nam kasadɛ so kyerɛw nhoma bi de kyerɛe sɛ mfomso biara nni nea Cromwell aban no yɛe yi mu, na ɔbɛyɛɛ wɔn kasamafo. Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, ansa na John Milton rebegye din sɛ anwensɛm kyerɛwfo no, na amanyɔsɛm ne abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a wakyerɛw ama wagye din dedaw.

Bere a ahenni no san bedii adehye abusua no nsam no, wɔde Charles II sii ade so wɔ afe 1660 mu, na esiane sɛ Milton de ne ho bɔɔ Cromwell nti, ɛde ne nkwa too asiane mu. Milton de ne ho kohintawee, na ɛnyɛ ne nnamfo bi a wɔwɔ tumi a, anka wokum no. Ne nyinaa mu no, ɔkɔɔ so kyerɛw nyamesom ho nsɛm.

“Nea Bible no Ka”

Milton reka sɛnea na n’ani gye nyamesom ho fi ne mmofraase ho asɛm no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Mede me ho sii hɔ fii ase suaa Apam Dedaw ne Apam Foforo no anibere so wɔ kasa a wɔde kyerɛwee no mu bere a meyɛ abarimaa no.” Milton behui sɛ Kyerɛw Kronkron no nkutoo na ebetumi de abrabɔ ne nyamesom ho akwankyerɛ ama. Nanso nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe wɔ nyamesom nhoma ahorow a na wogye tom saa bere no mu no maa n’abam bui. Akyiri yi ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Mihui sɛ mintumi mfa me ho nto nhoma a ɛte saa so mma ɛnhyɛ me gyidi anaa me nkwagye ho anidaso mu den.” Esiane sɛ na Milton asi ne bo sɛ ɔde ne gyidi bɛtoto “nea Bible no ka” ho nti, ofii ase yɛɛ kyerɛw nsɛm atitiriw bi ho kyerɛwtohɔ hyehyɛɛ nsɛmti ahorow bi ase, na ɔfaa mu kyerɛw nsɛm no bi kaa asɛm.

Ɛnnɛ, ade a wɔde kae John Milton paa ne, Paradise Lost nhoma, a ɛka Bible mu asɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛyɛe a nnipa kɔɔ sintɔ mu ho asɛm wɔ anwensɛm kwan so no. (Genesis, ti 3) Nhoma yi  a Milton kyerɛwee na wodii kan tintimii wɔ afe 1667 mu no titiriw na ɛma ogyee din wɔ nhomakyerɛw mu wɔ aman a wɔka Borɔfo kasa mu no titiriw. Akyiri yi otintim anwensɛm a wɔato din Paradise Regained (Paradise a Wɔasan Anya) de toaa Paradise Lost no so. Anwensɛm yi ka nea enti a Onyankopɔn bɔɔ nnipa ho asɛm—sɛ́ wɔbɛtra asase so paradise wɔ pɛyɛ mu—na ɛtwe adwene si paradise a Onyankopɔn nam Kristo so bɛsan de aba asase so no so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Paradise Lost nhoma no mu no, ɔbɔfo panyin Mikael ka bere a Kristo bɛma “N’anokwafo akatua na wagye wɔn akɔ daa anigye mu wɔ ɔsoro anaa asase so ho asɛm. Saa bere no, asase bɛyɛ paradise a anigye wɔ so koraa sen Eden, na wɔn ani begye daa.”

Kristofo Nkyerɛkyerɛ ho Nhoma

Milton fi bere tenten pɛe sɛ ɔkyerɛw nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ Kristofo abrabɔ ne wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ nso mu kɔ akyiri. Ɛmfa ho sɛ eduu afe 1652 no na n’ani afura koraa no, ɔmaa n’akyerɛwfo boaa no ma ɔyɛɛ adwumaden yi kosii sɛ owui wɔ afe 1674 mu. Milton too ne nhoma a etwa to yi din A Treatise on Christian Doctrine Compiled From the Holy Scriptures Alone (Kristofo Nkyerɛkyerɛ a Wogyinaa Kyerɛw Kronkron Nkutoo so Hyehyɛe). Ɔkyerɛw wɔ ne nnianim nsɛm no mu sɛ: “Akyerɛwfo dodow no ara a wɔaka Kristofo abrabɔ ne wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ ho asɛm no . . . de kyerɛw nsɛm kakraa bi a wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛ nyinaa gyina so no ahyehyɛ nhoma no ano ano. Nanso me de, mabɔ mmɔden afa kyerɛw nsɛm afi Bible no afã ahorow nyinaa de ahyɛ me nhoma no ma ma aboro so mpo.” Sɛnea Milton kae no, On Christian Doctrine nhoma no twe adwene si Kyerɛwnsɛm no so anaa ɛfa emu asɛm ka bɛboro mpɛn 9,000.

Ɛwom sɛ mfiase no, Milton antwentwɛn ne nan ase sɛ ɔbɛka n’adwene de, nanso wantintim nhoma yi. Dɛn ntia? Ade biako ne sɛ, na onim sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ soronko koraa wɔ asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ a na wogye tom no ho. Bio nso, esiane sɛ na ahenni no asan abedi adehye abusua no nsam nti, na aban no mpɛ n’asɛm. Enti ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɔretwɛn bere pa. Sɛnea ɛte biara no, wɔ Milton wu akyi no, ne kyerɛwfo no de nea na wakyerɛw wɔ Latin mu no kɔmaa obi sɛ ontintim, nanso wanyɛ. England amannɔne soafo a na ɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no gyee nhoma no fii wɔn nsam de kosiei. Mfe 150 twaam ansa na wɔresan ahu Milton nhoma no.

Wɔ afe 1823 mu no, obi a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ asoɛe hɔ kohuu Milton a na wagye din no nhoma no a na wɔakyekyere ho. Saa bere no, Ɔhene George IV a na odi England so no hyɛe sɛ wɔnkyerɛ nhoma no ase mfi Latin kasa mu na wɔmfa mma ɔmanfo. Bere a mfe abien akyi wotintimii wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu no, asɔfo ne nhomakyerɛwfo pii kekaa ho nsɛm. Ankyɛ koraa na ɔsɔfo panyin bi kae sɛ nsɛm a ɛwɔ nhoma no mu no yɛ nnaadaa,  na onnye nni sɛ Milton a nnipa pii bu no sɛ England nyamesom ho anwensɛm kyerɛwfo a ɔsen biara no betumi akasa atia asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ a wogye tom sɛ ɛyɛ kronkron no saa. Esiane sɛ nea ɔkyerɛɛ ase no hui sɛ na nkurɔfo bɛkasa atia daakye, na ɔpɛ sɛ wohu sɛ Milton na ɔkyerɛwee nti, ɔfaa nsɛm a edi nsɛ 500 fii On Christian Doctrine ne Paradise Lost nhoma no mu de yɛɛ asehɔ nsɛm wɔ ne nkyerɛase no mu. *

Nea na Milton Gye Di

Wɔ Milton bere so no, na England agye nsakrae a Protestant asɔre yɛe no atom, na na wɔatwe wɔn ho afi Roma Katolek Asɔre no ho. Ná Protestantfo gye di sɛ Kyerɛw Kronkron no nkutoo na ebetumi de gyidi ne abrabɔ ho akwankyerɛ ama, na ɛnyɛ pope no. Nanso Milton ma ɛdaa adi wɔ On Christian Doctrine nhoma no mu sɛ Protestant nkyerɛkyerɛ ne wɔn nneyɛe pii ne Kyerɛwnsɛm no nhyia. Ogyinaa Bible so poo Calvin nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa nkrabea ho no, na ogye toom sɛ Onyankopɔn ama yɛn hokwan sɛ yɛmpaw nea yɛpɛ. Ɔhyɛɛ Onyankopɔn din, Yehowa, a wɔde bedi dwuma ho nkuran, na ɔde dii dwuma wɔ ne nhoma mu mpɛn pii.

Milton de Kyerɛwnsɛm no kyerɛe sɛ onipa kra tumi wu. Ɔreka Genesis 2:7 ho asɛm no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Bere a wɔbɔɔ onipa wɔ saa kwan yi so wiei no, Kyerɛwnsɛm no kae sɛ, afei de: onipa bɛyɛɛ ɔkra teasefo. . . . Ɔnyɛ nneɛma abien, na wontumi nkyɛ mu nso: sɛnea nnipa dodow no ara susuw sɛ wɔde nneɛma abien a ɛsono emu biara, ɔkra ne nipadua na ɛbɔe no. Mmom no, onipa mũ no nyinaa ne ɔkra no, na ɔkra no nso ne onipa.” Afei Milton bisae sɛ: “So onipa mũ no nyinaa wu, anaa nipadua no nko na ewu?” Bere a ɔde kyerɛw nsɛm pii kyerɛe sɛ onipa mũ no nyinaa wu no, ɔde kaa ho sɛ: “Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛtɔ asom paa a metumi de ama de akyerɛ sɛ ɔkra no wu ne nea Onyankopɔn ankasa kae yi, Hesek[iel 18:]20: Ɔkra a ɔyɛ bɔne no, ɔno na obewu.” Milton san twee adwene sii kyerɛw nsɛm te sɛ Luka 20:37 ne Yohane 11:25 so de kyerɛe sɛ anidaso a ɛwɔ hɔ ma adesamma a wɔawuwu no ne sɛ daakye wobenyan wɔn.

Dɛn na ɛma wɔkasa tiaa On Christian Doctrine nhoma no paa? Ɛyɛ Bible mu adanse a tumi wom, na asete nyɛ den a Milton de kyerɛe sɛ Kristo, Onyankopɔn Ba no hyɛ Onyankopɔn, Agya, no ase. Bere a Milton faa Yohane 17:3 ne Yohane 20:17 mu asɛm kae akyi no, obisae sɛ: “Sɛ Agya no yɛ Kristo Nyankopɔn ne yɛn Nyankopɔn, na sɛ Onyankopɔn baako pɛ na ɔwɔ hɔ a, ɛnde, Agya no akyi no, hena bio na obetumi ayɛ Onyankopɔn?”

Milton san kae sɛ: “Ɔba no ankasa ne n’asomafo no nam nsɛm a wɔkae ne nea wɔkyerɛwee nyinaa so gye toom sɛ Agya no yɛ kɛse sen Ɔba no wɔ biribiara mu.” (Yohane 14:28) “Nokwarem no, ɛyɛ Kristo na ɔkae wɔ Mat. 26:39 sɛ: M’Agya, sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, anka ma kuruwa yi ntwa me ho nkɔ. Nanso nyɛ sɛnea mepɛ, na mmom sɛnea wopɛ. . . . Sɛ ɔno ankasa ne Onyankopɔn a, dɛn nti na ɔbɔɔ Agya no nkutoo mpae na ɛnyɛ ɔno ara ne ho? Sɛ n’ankasa yɛ onipa na ɔsan yɛ Onyankopɔn pumpuni a, dɛn nti na ɔbɔɔ mpae hwehwɛɛ biribi a ɔno ara betumi ayɛ? . . . Sɛnea Ɔba no som Agya no nkutoo na odi no ni wɔ baabiara no, saa ara na ɔkyerɛ yɛn sɛ yɛnyɛ.”

Milton Sintɔ Ahorow

John Milton hwehwɛɛ nokware no. Nanso ɔyɛ onipa nti, na ɔwɔ sintɔ, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ tebea bi a ɛyɛ yaw a ɔfaa mu no ma onyaa adwene horow bi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, bere a ɔwaree osikani bi babea kumaa akyi bere tiaa bi no, ɔbea no gyaw no hɔ san kɔtraa n’abusuafo hɔ bɛyɛ mfe abiɛsa. Saa bere yi mu no, Milton kyerɛw nsɛm bi de kyerɛe sɛ, sɛ awarefo bi adwene nhyia wɔ nsɛm ho a, wobetumi agyina so agyae aware, na ɛnyɛ aguamammɔ nkutoo—ade biako pɛ a Yesu kae sɛ wotumi gyina so gyae aware no. (Mateo 19:9) Milton hyɛɛ adwene a ɛte saa ho nkuran wɔ On Christian Doctrine nhoma no mu.

Milton sintɔ nyinaa akyi no, On Christian Doctrine nhoma no ma nea Bible ka wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛho hia pii ho no da adi pefee. Ebesi nnɛ no, ne nhoma no hyɛ akenkanfo nkuran sɛ wɔmfa wɔn gyidi ntoto nokwasɛm a Kyerɛw Kronkron no ka ho nhwɛ.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 11]

Ná Milton ani kũ Bible sua ho

[Asɛm Fibea]

Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 12]

Anwensɛm a Milton too din “Paradise Lost” no ma ogyee din

[Asɛm Fibea]

Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 12]

Wohuu Milton nhoma a etwa to a ɔkyerɛwee no wɔ mfe 150 akyi

[Asɛm Fibea]

Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 11]

Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina