Martin Luther—Ɔbarima no ne N’apɛgyade

“WƆKYERƐ sɛ wɔakyerɛw [Martin Luther] ho nhoma pii sen abakɔsɛm mu nnipa biara gye n’ankasa wura, Yesu Kristo.” Saa na Time nsɛmma nhoma no kae. Luther nsɛm ne ne nnwuma na ɛboae maa Ɔsesɛw—nyamesom mu fekusɛm bi a wɔkaa ho asɛm sɛ ɛne “adesamma abakɔsɛm mu nsakrae a ɛsen biara”—no bae. Enti ɔboae sakraa Europa nyamesom tebea, na ɛde mfinimfini mmere no baa awiei wɔ saa asasepɔn no so. Luther nso na ɔtoo German kasa a wɔkyerɛw no fapem. Ne Bible nkyerɛase no da so ara yɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho sen biara wɔ German kasa mu.

Ná Martin Luther yɛ onipa bɛn? Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na obenyaa nkɛntɛnso saa wɔ Europafo nsɛm mu?

Luther Bɛyɛɛ Nhomanimfo

Wɔwoo Martin Luther wɔ Eisleben, Germany, wɔ November 1483 mu. Ɛwom sɛ na ne papa yɛ adwuma wɔ nkoron bi a wotu kɔbere wom mu de, nanso ɔbɔɔ mmɔden nyaa sika hwɛɛ Martin ma onyaa nhomasua a edi mu. Wɔ afe 1501 mu no, Martin bɛyɛɛ Erfurt Sukuupɔn no mu suani. Ɔkenkan Bible bere a edi kan wɔ sukuu no nhomakorabea. Ɔkae sɛ: “M’ani gyee nhoma no ho yiye, na mibuu no sɛ ɛyɛ hokwan kɛse sɛ menya nhoma a ɛte saa da bi.”

Bere a Luther dii mfirihyia 22 no, ɔkɔɔ Augustine nkokorafie a ɛwɔ Erfurt no. Akyiri yi ɔkɔɔ Wittenberg Sukuupɔn, na onyaa abodin sɛ ɔbenfo wɔ nyamekyerɛ mu. Luther buu ne ho sɛ obi a ɔmfata sɛ onya Onyankopɔn anim dom, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na n’ahonim a ebu no fɔ no ma n’abam bu. Nanso, Bible adesua, mpaebɔ, ne nsɛm ho a odwennwenee boaa no ma onyaa sɛnea Onyankopɔn bu abɔnefo no ho ntease a edi mu. Luther hui sɛ yentumi mfa yɛn nnwuma so nnya Onyankopɔn anim dom. Mmom no, wɔnam ɔdom so na ɛde ma wɔn a wɔkyerɛ gyidi no.—Romafo 1:16; 3:23, 24, 28.

Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na Luther hui sɛ ntease foforo a wanya no teɛ? Kurt Aland, tete asɔre abakɔsɛm ne Apam Foforo no nhwehwɛmu ho ɔbenfo no, kyerɛwee sɛ: “Odwennwen Bible mũ no nyinaa ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obetumi ahu sɛ sɛ wɔde Bible mu nsɛm foforo toto nimdeɛ foforo a wanya no ho a, ebetumi akɔ so ayɛ nea edi mu, na ohui sɛ na biribiara foa ne nimdeɛ no so.” Nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne bembu, anaa nkwagye, denam gyidi anaa ahonu so  na ɛnyɛ nnwuma so no kɔɔ so yɛɛ Luther nkyerɛkyerɛ nnyinaso titiriw.

Bɔnesrɛ Ho Abufuw

Ntease a Luther nyae wɔ sɛnea Onyankopɔn bu abɔnefo ho no maa ntawntawdi baa ɔne Roma Katolek Asɔre no ntam. Saa bere no na wogye di yiye sɛ wɔtwe abɔnefo aso wɔ owu akyi bere tenten bi. Nanso, wɔkae sɛ wobetumi atew bere a wɔde twe aso yi so denam sika a wobetua ama pope no de ne tumi asrɛ bɔne fafiri ama onii no so. Wɔn a na wɔsrɛ bɔne fafiri ma afoforo te sɛ Johann Tetzel, a na ɔyɛ adwuma ma Ɔsɔfopɔn Albert a ofi Mainz no, yɛɛ adwuma a mfaso wom srɛɛ bɔne fafiri maa ahiafo gyee sika. Nnipa pii buu bɔnesrɛ no sɛ sika a wotua gu hɔ ma bɔne a wɔbɛyɛ no akyiri yi.

Luther bo fuwii wɔ sika a wogye wɔ bɔnesrɛ ho no ho. Na onim sɛ onipa ntumi ne Onyankopɔn nni biribi ano. Wɔ afe 1517 otwa bere mu no, ɔkyerɛw ne nhwehwɛmu 95 a agye din no, bɔɔ asɔre no sobo wɔ sikasɛm, nkyerɛkyerɛ, ne ɔsom mu porɔwee ho. Esiane sɛ na Luther pɛ sɛ ɔhyɛ nsakrae ho nkuran na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɔretew atua nti, ɔde ne nhwehwɛmu no bi kɔmaa Ɔsɔfopɔn Albert a ofi Mainz ne nhomanimfo pii. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo pii twe adwene si afe 1517 anaa bere bi a ɛbɛn saa afe no so sɛ ɛne bere a Ɔsesɛw no fii ase.

Ɛnyɛ Luther nkutoo na odii asɔre no nneyɛe bɔne no ho abooboo. Mfirihyia ɔha a na atwam no, na Czechni nyamesom mu ɔsesɛwfo Jan Hus akasa atia sika a wogye wɔ bɔnesrɛ ho no. Ansa na Hus reba mpo no, na John Wycliffe a ofi England no ada no adi sɛ amanne ahorow bi a asɔre no di akyi no nnyina Kyerɛwnsɛm so. Luther bere sofo Erasmus a ofi Rotterdam ne Tyndale a ofi England no hyɛɛ nsakrae ho nkuran. Nanso ɛdenam nhoma tintim afiri a Johannes Gutenberg yɛe wɔ Germany ne akyerɛw afiri a wotumi de kɔ mmeaemmeae so no, wɔtee Luther nsɛm no yiye na ɛtrɛw kɔɔ akyirikyiri sen asesɛwfo a aka no nyinaa.

Na Gutenberg nhoma tintim afiri a ɛwɔ Mainz no reyɛ adwuma wɔ afe 1455 mu. Eduu afeha no awiei no, na wɔanya nhoma tintim mfiri wɔ Germanfo nkurow 60 mu ne Europa nsase foforo 12 so. Nea edi kan wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, na ɔmanfo no betumi ate nsɛm a ɛfa wɔn ho no ntɛm koraa. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wotintim Luther nhwehwɛmu 95 no kyekyɛe a wɔammɔ no amanneɛ. Saa bere yi de na nsakrae a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ wɔ asɔre no mu no nyɛ asɛm a ɛntrɛwee. Ɛbɛyɛɛ ɔsɛmpɔw a atrɛw yiye, na mpofirim ara na Martin Luther bɛyɛɛ onipa a wagye din sen biara wɔ Germany.

“Owia ne Ɔsram” Yɛ Ho Biribi

Mfehaha pii mu no, na Europa ahyɛ ahyehyɛde abien a ɛyɛ den ase: Roma Ahemman Kronkron no ne Roma Katolek Asɔre no. Hanns Lilje, kan Luther Asɔre no Wiase Nyinaa Fekuw titrani no kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Ɔhempɔn no ne pope no yɛ biako te sɛ owia ne ɔsram.” Nanso, na adwenem naayɛ paa bi wɔ hɔ a ɛne sɛ na hena ne owia no, na hena nso ne ɔsram no. Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 16 no mfiase no, na ahyehyɛde abien no tumidi kɔ fam. Ná nsakrae bi reba.

Pope Leo X yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu 95 no ho biribi denam ka a ɔkae sɛ sɛ Luther antwe ansan a  wobeyi ne din afi asɔre no mu no so. Luther sen ne kɔn hyew pope tumi krataa a na ahunahuna no wom no wɔ baguam, na otintim nhoma foforo a ɔde hyɛɛ atumfoɔ no nkuran sɛ sɛ ɛba sɛ pope no mpene so mpo a, wɔnkɔ so nyɛ nsakrae wɔ asɔre no mu. Wɔ afe 1521 mu no, Pope Leo X yii Luther din fii asɔre no mu. Bere a Luther kasa tiae sɛ wɔantie n’asɛm yiye na wɔabu no fɔ no, Ɔhempɔn Charles V de ɔsesɛwfo no kogyinaa ahemfo bagua, anaa nhyiam, anim wɔ Worms. Nnafua 15 kwan a Luther twa fii Wittenberg kɔɔ Worms wɔ April 1521 mu no yɛe sɛ nkonimdi aperententu bi. Na ɔmanfo akogyina n’afa, na na nnipa a wɔwɔ mmaa nyinaa pɛ sɛ wohu no.

Wɔ Worms no, Luther gyinaa ɔhempɔn, mmapɔmma, ne pope nanmusini panyin no anim. Ná wɔadi Jan Hus asɛm saa ara wɔ Constance wɔ afe 1415 mu ma wɔahyew no wɔ dua ho. Bere a na asɔre no ne ahemman no de wɔn ani asi Luther so no, Luther kae sɛ ɔrentwe nsan gye sɛ n’asɔretiafo no afi Bible mu akyerɛ no sɛ wadi mfomso ansa. Nanso na obiara nni hɔ a ɔbɛn no wɔ sɛnea ɔkae Kyerɛwnsɛm mu nsɛm no ho. Kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔfrɛɛ no Worms Ahyɛde no daa nea efii asɛnni no mu bae adi. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛfata sɛ wotwa Luther asu na wɔbara ne nhoma ahorow no. Bere a pope no yii ne din fii asɔre no mu na ɔhempɔn no twaa no asu no, afei de na ne nkwa da asiane mu.

Afei nneɛma danee a na wɔnhwɛ kwan ma ɛyɛɛ nwonwa. Bere a Luther san baa Wittenberg no, ɔyamyefo Frederick a ofi Saxony yɛe sɛ nea wakyere Luther asie no. Eyi maa Luther kɔhyɛɛ baabi a na n’atamfo nsa ntumi nka no. Wɔde Luther faa sum ase kɔɔ Wartburg abankɛse mu, baabi a ofuw abogyesɛ maa ne hwɛbea bɛyɛɛ sɛ onipa foforo—okunini a wɔbɛfrɛɛ no Junker Jörg.

Nkurɔfo Tɔɔ September Bible no Kɛse

Asram du a edii hɔ no, Luther traa Wartburg abankɛse no mu sɛ obi a ɔreguan afi ɔhempɔn ne pope no nyinaa anim. Welterbe Wartburg nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “bere a ɔde traa Wartburg no yɛɛ n’asetram mmere a ɔde yɛɛ adwuma maa mfaso baa so sen biara no mu biako.” Owiee nneɛma a ɛsen biara a ɔyɛe no mu biako, Erasmus Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no a ɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ German kasa mu no. Bere a wotintimii wɔ September 1522 mu a wɔankyerɛ sɛ Luther na ɔkyerɛɛ ase no, wɔbɛfrɛɛ nkyerɛase yi September Bible. Na ne bo yɛ guilder 1 1/2—a na ɛne abaawa afe akatua yɛ pɛ. Nanso, nkurɔfo tɔɔ September Bible no kɛse. Asram 12 mu no, na wɔatintim ahorow 2 no mfuamfua 6,000, na wotintim bɛyɛ ahorow 69 wɔ mfirihyia 12 a edii hɔ no mu.

Wɔ afe 1525 mu no, Martin Luther waree Katharina von Bora, a na anka ɔyɛ ɔbea kokorani no. Na Katharina yɛ ade yiye wɔ ofiehwɛ mu, na otumi dii asɛyɛde ahorow a ne kunu ayamye ma ɛbɛtɔɔ ne so no ho dwuma. Ɛnyɛ ɔyere ne mma baasia nko na ɛbɛyɛɛ Luther abusua no fã na mmom nnamfo, nhomanimfo, ne aguanfo nso. Wɔ Luther asetra awiei no, obenyaa gyinabea pa sɛ ɔfotufo a nhomanimfo baa ne fie a na wokurakura pɛn ne nkrataa a wɔde bɛkyerɛw  nsɛm a wɔbɛte no agu hɔ. Wɔkaa nsɛm a wɔkyerɛkyerɛw guu hɔ yi boom too din Luthers Tischreden (Luther Pon Ho Nkɔmmɔbɔ). Bere bi akyi no, wotintim no German kasa mu sen nhoma foforo biara, gye Bible.

Nsɛm Asekyerɛfo ne Nhoma Kyerɛwfo a Ɔkyerɛw Nhoma Pii

Eduu afe 1534 no, na Luther ayɛ ne Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm nkyerɛase no awie. Ná otumi yɛ nsakrae wɔ ne nsɛnkae ne ne nsɛm mmoano mu. Nea efii mu bae ne Bible a mpapahwekwa tumi kenkan te ase. Bere a Luther reka ɔkwan a ɔfa so yɛ ne nkyerɛase no ho asɛm no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Ɛsɛ sɛ yebisabisa ɛna a ɔwɔ fie, mmofra a wɔwɔ mmɔnten so, ne mpapahwekwa a wɔwɔ gua so nsɛm, na afei yɛhwɛ sɛnea wɔkasa no na yegyina so yɛ nkyerɛase no saa ara.” Luther Bible no boa ma wonyaa nea wobegyina so akyerɛw nhoma a wobegye toom wɔ Germany nyinaa.

Ná Luther wɔ ɔdom akyɛde sɛ nsɛm asekyerɛfo ne nimdeɛ sɛ nhoma kyerɛwfo. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛɛ ɔsɛmpɔw bi ho kyerɛwtohɔ adapɛn abien biara wɔ ne nkwa nna a ɔde yɛɛ adwuma no nyinaa mu. Na ne nsɛm no bi de ntawntawdi ba te sɛ ne kyerɛwfo no ara. Sɛ na Luther nhoma a odii kan kyerɛwee no mu nsɛm yɛ yaw a, onyin amma ne nsɛm a ɔkyerɛwee mu anyɛ mmerɛw. Ne nhoma a ɔkyerɛw no akyiri nna mu no mu nsɛm mu kɔɔ so yɛɛ den yiye. Sɛnea Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche kyerɛ no, Luther nhoma da sɛnea na “ɔfa abufuw kɛse,” a na “onni ahobrɛase ne ɔdɔ,” ne “sɛnea na ɔbɔ ne ho mmɔden kɛse wɔ n’adwumayɛ mu” no adi.

Bere a akuafo Ahiafo Ko no sii na wokunkum atumfoɔ no pii no, wobisaa Luther adwene wɔ atuatew no ho. So na ɛteɛ sɛ akuafo ahiafo no nwiinwii tia wɔn wuranom atumfoɔ no? Luther ammɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛma nkurɔfo agyina n’akyi denam mmuae a ɛbɛsɔ nnipa dodow no ara ani a ɔbɛma so. Na ogye di sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Onyankopɔn asomfo tie wɔn a wodi tumi no. (Romafo 13:1) Luther kaa nsɛm penpen de kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa ɔhyɛ so nsiw atuatew no ano. Ɔkae sɛ: “Obiara a obetumi no nwɔ obi ade, mmɔ no ade, na onkum no.” Hanns Lilje kae sɛ mmuae yi maa Luther hweree “din soronko a na ɔwɔ wɔ nkurɔfo no mu de besi saa bere no.” Afei nso, Luther nhoma a ɔkyerɛw no akyiri yi faa Yudafo a wɔammɛyɛ Kristofo, titiriw On the Jews and Their Lies, ho no ama nnipa pii abebu nhoma kyerɛwfo no sɛ ɔyɛ obi a otia Yudafo.

Luther Apɛgyade

Ɔsesɛw a mmarima te sɛ Luther, Calvin, ne Zwingli de bae no ma wɔhyehyɛɛ ɔsom foforo a wɔfrɛɛ no Protestant som. Ade titiriw a Luther de gyaw Protestant som no ne ne nkyerɛkyerɛ titiriw a ɛne sɛ bembu nam gyidi so na ɛba no. Germanfo atumfoɔ no mu biara bataa Protestant som ho anaa Katolek som ho. Protestant som trɛwee na egyee ntini wɔ Scandinavia, Switzerland, England, ne Netherlands. Ɛnnɛ nnipa ɔpepehaha pii na wɔwom.

 Nnipa pii a wɔne Luther nyɛ adwene wɔ ne gyidi ahorow no nyinaa mu no da so ara bu no kɛse. Kan German Democratic Republic, a na Eisleben, Erfurt, Wittenberg, ne Wartburg wom no dii Luther mfirihyia 500 awoda wɔ afe 1983 mu. Sohyialis man yi gyee no toom sɛ ɔyɛ onipa titiriw wɔ Germanfo abakɔsɛm ne amammerɛ mu. Afei nso, Katolek nyamekyerɛfo bi bɔɔ Luther nkɛntɛnso mua wɔ 1980 mfe no mu sɛ: “Obiara nni hɔ a ɔbaa Luther akyi a ɔne no sɛ.” Ɔbenfo Aland kyerɛwee sɛ: “Anyɛ yiye koraa no, afe biara wɔkyerɛw nhoma foforo 500 fa Martin Luther ne Ɔsesɛw no ho—na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wotintim wɔ kasa atitiriw nyinaa mu.”

Na Martin Luther adwene kyere ade ntɛm, kae ade yiye, de nsɛmfua di dwuma yiye, na na ɔwɔ adwumayɛ ho su pa. Ná onni abotare, na ommu ade, na na ɔkasa tia biribi a obu no sɛ ɛyɛ nyaatwom no denneennen. Bere a na Luther da owupa so wɔ Eisleben wɔ February 1546 mu no, ne nnamfo bisaa no sɛ ɔda so kura gyidi ahorow a na ɔde akyerɛkyerɛ afoforo no mu pintinn anaa. Obuae sɛ, “Yiw.” Luther wui, nanso nnipa pii da so kura gyidi ahorow a ɛte saa no mu.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 27]

Luther sɔre tiaa sika a wogye wɔ bɔnesrɛ ho no

[Asɛm Fibea]

Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 28]

Luther kae sɛ ɔrentwe nsan gye sɛ n’asɔretiafo no afi Bible mu akyerɛ no sɛ wadi mfomso ansa

[Asɛm Fibea]

Efi nhoma The Story of Liberty mu, 1878

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 29]

Luther dan mu wɔ Wartburg Abankɛse mu, baabi a ɔkyerɛɛ Bible ase no

[Asɛm Fibea]

Mfonini no nyinaa: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 26]

Efi nhoma Martin Luther The Reformer, Nea Ɛto So 3, a Toronto Willard Tract Depository, Toronto, Ontario, tintimii no mu

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 30]

Efi nhoma The History of Protestantism (Po I) mu