Ɣekaɣie Wotsrɔ̃ Blema Yerusalem?—Akpa Evelia

Nu si tututu blema anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo ɖe fia

Esiae nye Gbetakpɔxɔ me nyati eve siwo va ɖe wo nɔewo yome siwo dzro nyabiase goglo siwo ku ɖe ƒe si me wotsrɔ̃ blema Yerusalem ŋu me la ƒe evelia. Biabia siwo nuxlẽla aɖewo bia la ƒe ŋuɖoɖo siwo ŋu wowɔ numekuku tsitotsito le hetu ɖe Biblia dzi lae le nyati eve siawo me.

Nya Vevi Siwo Me Wodzro Le Akpa Gbãtɔa Me:

▪ Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo gblɔna be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. *

▪ Biblia me akɔntabubuwo fia be ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem.

▪ Blemaŋutinyaŋlɔlawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo kple Ptolemy ƒe nuŋlɔɖia dzie ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo tu woƒe nyawo ɖo.

▪ Vodada gãgãwo le blemaŋutinyaŋlɔlawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi aɖewo me, eye woƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo mewɔa ɖeka kple blema anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo o. *

BIBLIA gblɔ tso Yudatɔ siwo nɔ aboyo me le Babilon ŋu be woƒe aboyomenɔɣia anye “ƒe, siwo ŋu Yehowa ƒe gbe va na nyagblɔɖila Yeremya ɖo be, woanye ƒe blaadre.” Ɣekaɣie woɖe asi le wo ŋu? “Le Persia-fia Kores [ƒe dziɖuɖu] ƒe ƒe gbãtɔ” me. (2 Kronika 36:21, 22) Biblia kple xexemeŋutinya siaa ɖo kpe edzi be aboyomenɔnɔ sia wu enu esi Kores ɖu Babilon dzi heɖe asi le Yudatɔ aboyomeawo ŋu wotrɔ gbɔ va Yerusalem le ƒe 537 D.M.Ŋ. me. Esi wònye Biblia gblɔe kɔtɛ be aboyomenɔnɔa axɔ ƒe 70 ta la, ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me kokokoe wòadze egɔme.

Gake agbalẽnyala akpa gãtɔ ya gblɔna be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. Ne nyateƒee la, afia be ƒe 50 koe Yudatɔwo nɔ aboyo me. Nu ka tae woƒo nya ta nenema? Blema kunifɔm nuŋlɔɖi siwo ƒo nu tso Nebukadnezar II kple ame siwo ɖu fia ɖe eyome ŋu dzie wotu woƒe akɔntabubuwo ɖo.¹ Nuŋlɔɖi mawo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ ŋlɔlawo nɔ anyi le Yerusalem ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ɣi alo le ɣeyiɣi mawo lɔƒo me. Gake ɖe míate ŋu aka ɖe akɔntabubu siwo fia asi ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. la dzia? Nu ka tututue nuŋlɔɖi mawo ɖe fia?

Be míaɖo biabia mawo ŋu la, na míadzro nuŋlɔɖi siwo ƒomevi dzi agbalẽŋlɔlawo tua woƒe nyawo ɖo la dometɔ etɔ̃ ŋu nyawo me: (1) Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo, (2) asitsatsa ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo, (3) ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo.

 ● Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo.

Nu kae wonye? Wonye anyikpe gbabɛ vovovo siwo dzi woŋlɔ Babilontɔwo ƒe nudzɔdzɔ veviwo ɖo.²

Nya kae agbalẽnyalawo gblɔ tso eŋu? R. H. Sack, si nye blema kunifɔm nuŋlɔɖiwo ŋuti nunyala bibi aɖe la ŋlɔ be blema nuŋlɔɖi mawo ƒo nu tso nudzɔdzɔ vevi aɖewo ŋu gake wo me nuŋlɔɖiawo mede o. * Eŋlɔ bena le esia ta eva hiãna be ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo nawɔ numekuku tso “nuŋlɔɖi bubuwo me . . . kple susu be yewoanya ale si tututu nanewo dzɔe.”

Nu kae nuŋlɔɖiawo ɖe fia? Nudzɔdzɔ vevi aɖewo li si womeŋlɔ ɖe Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo me o.³ (Kpɔ  aɖaka si le ete.) Eya ta esɔ be míabia be, Ðe míate ŋu aka ɖe akɔntabubu siwo wotu ɖe nuŋlɔɖi siwo mede o dzi la dzia?

● Asitsatsa ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo.

Nu kae wonye? Asitsatsa ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi siwo nɔ anyi le Babilon Fiaɖuƒe Yeyea ƒe ɣeyiɣiawo me la dometɔ akpa gãtɔ nye nuŋlɔɖi siwo asitsalawo wɔ na ame siwo ƒle nu le wo gbɔ. Fia si le zia dzi ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe si me woƒle nua, ɣletia, kple ŋkekea ye woŋlɔna ɖe anyikpeawo dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woŋlɔ nane si woƒle ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi ɖe anyikpe aɖe dzi be woƒle nua le “Babilon fia Nebukadrezar [si wogayɔna be Nebukadnezar II] ƒe ƒe 11 lia me, le Nisan ƒe ŋkeke 27 lia dzi.”⁴

Ne fia aɖe ku alo woɖee le zi dzi eye fia bubu va zia dzi la, wobua ɣleti siwo susɔ hafi ƒe ma nawu enu be enye fia yeyea ƒe zidzivaƒe. *⁵ Esia fia be, le Babilontɔwo ƒe ɣletigbalẽa nu la, fia aɖe ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe mamlɛtɔa ƒe akpa aɖee nyea fia yeyea ƒe zidzivaƒe. Eya ta ne wogblɔ be wowɔ anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi aɖe le fia aɖe ƒe zidzivaƒe me la, efia be ɣleti si kplɔ fia si teƒe wòva xɔ ɖo ƒe fiaɖuɖu ƒe ɣleti mamlɛtɔa ɖo dzie wobui tsoe.

Nya kae agbalẽnyalawo gblɔ tso eŋu? R. H. Sack srɔ̃ nu tso Babilon Fiaɖuƒe Yeyea ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me asitsatsa ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi geɖewo ŋu. Le ƒe 1972 me la, Sack gblɔ be Britain  Blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi aɖewo siwo va ka ye si, siwo womeɖe ɖe go tsã o la me nyawo “to vovo sãa” na nu siwo yewonya tso Nebukadnezar II ƒe dzodzo le zia dzi kple via Amel-Marduk (si wogayɔna be Evil-merodach) ƒe zidzivava ŋu.⁶ Le mɔ ka nu? Sack nyae be anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi geɖewo gblɔ be Nebukadnezar II kpɔtɔ nɔ fia ɖum le eƒe ƒe mamlɛtɔa (43 lia) ƒe dzinu adelia me. Gake anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi siwo ŋu wova ke ɖo azɔ ya dzi nyawo le asi tɔm Amel-Marduk ƒe zidzivaƒe ƒe ɣleti enelia kple atɔ̃lia dzi, evɔ ƒe ma kee nye fofoa ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe mamlɛtɔ si ŋu nuŋlɔɖi bubuawo gblɔ le be fofoa kpɔtɔ nɔ dzi ɖum le ɣleti adelia me.⁷ Edze ƒãa be nya siawo mede nu wo nɔewo me kura o.

Nu kae nuŋlɔɖiawo ɖe fia? Wokpɔ ƒe si me fia aɖe dzo le zia dzi, eye bubu va xɔ ɖe eteƒe la ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi bubu geɖe siwo mede nu wo nɔewo me o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nuŋlɔɖi aɖewo ɖee fia be Nebukadnezar II kpɔtɔ nɔ dzi ɖum le eƒe ƒe mamlɛtɔ ƒe ɣleti ewolia me, evɔ bubuwo ya fia be via xɔ ɖe eteƒe ɣleti adee nye ema.⁸ Kuxi sia tɔgbi le nuŋlɔɖi siwo ku ɖe ƒe si me Amel-Marduk dzo le zia dzi, eye Neriglissar va xɔ ɖe eteƒe ŋu la hã ŋu.⁹

Nu ka tae ale si nuŋlɔɖi siawo mede nu wo nɔewo me o la nye ŋkubiãnya? Abe ale si míegblɔe va yi ene la, ale si Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo mede tututu o la fia kɔtɛ be nuŋlɔɖiawo mele ɖoɖo si nu nuawo dzɔ le ŋutɔŋutɔ nu o.¹⁰ Ðe wòate ŋu anɔ eme be fia aɖewo nɔ zia dzi kpɔ gake nuŋlɔɖi aɖeke meli ku ɖe woƒe fiaɖuɖua ŋu oa? Ne nenemae la, ke afia be Babilon Fiaɖuƒe Yeyea ƒe anyinɔɣi didi wu esi ŋu nuŋlɔɖi siawo ƒo nu tsoe. Eya ta ne wonɔ te ɖe Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo loo alo asitsatsa ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiawo dzi ƒo nya ta be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem la, efia be nya ku ɖe nyataƒoƒo ma ŋu. *

● Ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo.

Nu kae wonye? Wonye anyikpedzinutata siwo ɖe nu me tso afi si ɣe, ɣleti, ɣletinyigba, kple ɣletiviwo nɔ le yamenutowo me le ƒe vovovowo me, kple ƒeawo me nudzɔdzɔ vevi aɖewo abe fia si nɔ dzi ɖum ɣemaɣi ene, la ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi si le ete la gblɔ be ɣe lé ɣleti le Fia Mukin-zeri ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe gbãtɔ me, le dzinu gbãtɔ me.¹¹

Nya kae agbalẽnyalawo gblɔ tso eŋu? Agbalẽnyalawo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be Babilontɔwo to mɔnu deŋgɔ aɖewo vae si kpena ɖe wo ŋu wote ŋu nyana ɣeyiɣi si me ɣe alé ɣleti la do ŋgɔ zi geɖe.¹²

Gake ɖe Babilontɔwo ate ŋu abu akɔnta ayi megbemegbe anya ɣeyiɣi siwo me ɣeléɣleti dzɔ va yia? Nufialagã John Steele gblɔ be: ‘Ate ŋu anɔ eme be ɖe wobu akɔnta yi megbemegbe hafi te ŋu gblɔ nudzɔdzɔ siawo dometɔ gbãtɔ aɖewo ɖi.’¹³ Nufialagã David Brown, si lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi aɖewo gblɔ ɣeyiɣi si me ɣe alé ɣleti ɖi ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe do ŋgɔ na nudzɔdzɔa la, gblɔ be edze ƒãa be “agbalẽfiala siwo nɔ anyi tso ƒe alafa enelia D.M.Ŋ. me ƒe akɔntabubu yi megbemegbe dzie wonɔ te ɖo nya nu siawo.”¹⁴ Ne ele alea hã la, ɖe míate ŋu aka ɖe akɔntabubu siawo dzi ne womewɔ ɖeka kple nudzɔdzɔ bubuwo oa?

Ne enye nyateƒe be ɣe lé ɣleti le ɣletiŋkeke aɖe si woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi aɖe me dzi hã la, ɖe ema fia be ŋutinyamenudzɔdzɔ si wogblɔ tɔ ɖe ŋkeke ma ŋu hã nye nyateƒea? Menye ɣesiaɣie nudzɔdzɔ mawo sɔna ɖe ɣeyiɣi si wogblɔ nu o. Agbalẽnyalagã R. J. van der Spek ɖe nu me be: “Ɣletiviŋununyalawoe wɔ nuŋlɔɖi mawo, ke menye ŋutinyaŋlɔlawoe o.” Egblɔ tso anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi siawo siwo dzi ŋutinyamenudzɔdzɔ aɖewo le la ŋu be ŋutinya siawo dometɔ geɖe “mesɔ tututu o,” eye wòxlɔ̃ nu be ele be “woakpɔ nyuie le nuŋlɔɖi siawo dometɔ si dzi woaka ɖo ŋu.”¹⁵

Nu kae nuŋlɔɖiawo ɖe fia? Na míaƒo nu tso nuŋlɔɖiawo dometɔ ɖeka ŋu, si nye VAT 4956. Anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi sia ƒe fli gbãtɔa dzi nyawo xlẽ ale: “Babilon fia Nebukadnezar ƒe ƒe 37 lia.”¹⁶ Eyome woƒo nu tso afi si ɣleti, ɣletinyigbawo, kple ɣletivi geɖewo nɔ na wo nɔewo le yamenutowo me ŋu. Woƒo nu tso ɣeyiɣi si me ɣeléɣleti aɖe dzɔ hã ŋu le edzi. Agbalẽnyalawo gblɔ be ƒe 568 kple 567 D.M.Ŋ. domee dziƒoŋunu mawo nɔ nɔƒe siwo woɖɔ le nuŋlɔɖiawo me, si le fiafiam be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. ye nye Nebukadnezar II ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe 18 lia si me wòtsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. Gake ɖe kakaɖedzi li be ƒe 568 kple 567 D.M.Ŋ. dome koe dziƒoŋunu mawo nɔ nɔƒe mawoa?

Woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpea dzi be ɣe lé ɣleti le Babilontɔwo ƒe ƒeɣleti etɔ̃lia si nye Simanu, ƒe ŋkeke 15 lia dzi. Ele eme baa be ɣe lé ɣleti le ɣleti ma me, le July 4 lia dzi (le Julian ɣletigbalẽ nu) le ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. me ya. Gake ɣe lé ɣleti le ɣleti ma ke me ƒe 20 do ŋgɔ, le July 15, 588 D.M.Ŋ. dzi.¹⁷

Ne ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. ye nye Nebukadnezar II ƒe ƒe 37 lia la, ke eƒe ƒe 18 lia anye ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ., eye ƒe ma tututue Biblia gblɔ be eya mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem! ( Kpɔ ɣeyiɣikɔntabubu si le ete.) Gake ɖe nya bubu aɖewo hã dze le VAT 4956 anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖia dzi, si tɔ asi ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. dzia?

Tsɔ kpe ɖe ɣeléɣleti si ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe ŋu la, woŋlɔ teƒe vovovo 13 siwo ɣletia nɔ, kpakple ɣletinyigbawo kple ɣletivi aɖewo ƒe nɔƒe 15 aɖewo hã ɖe anyikpea dzi. Esia ɖe afi si dziƒoŋunu siawo nɔ na wo nɔewo la fia.¹⁸ Woŋlɔ vovototo enyi aɖewo siwo le ɣeyiɣi siwo me ɣe kple ɣleti dzena gaɖoa to dome la hã ɖe anyikpea dzi.^18a

Esi wònye kakaɖedzi nɔa ɣleti ƒe toƒe le yamenutome ŋu ta la, numekulawo te ŋu dzro ɣletia ƒe nɔƒe vovovo 13 siwo dze le VAT 4956 anyikpea dzi la me tsitotsito. Kɔmpiuta dzi dɔwɔɖoɖo aɖe si te ŋu nana wonyaa afi si tututu dziƒoŋunuwo nɔ le yamenutowo me le ŋkeke aɖe dzi lae wozã le numedzodzro sia wɔwɔ me.¹⁹ Nu kae woƒe numekukuawo ɖe ɖe go? Ɣletia ƒe nɔƒe  13-awo dometɔ aɖewo mesɔ ɖe afi si ɣletia to le ƒe 568 kple 567 D.M.Ŋ. dome nu o; gake nɔƒe vovovo 13-awo katã sɔ ɖe afi si tututu ɣletia to ƒe 20 do ŋgɔ, le ƒe 588 kple 587 D.M.Ŋ. dome, ya nu pɛpɛpɛ.

Ɣletia ƒe nɔƒe siwo sɔ ɖe afi siwo wòto le ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. me nu nyuie wu afi siwo wòto le ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. me la dometɔ ɖeka dze le anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi si le axa si do ŋgɔ dzi. Woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpe sia ƒe fli etɔ̃lia dzi be ɣletia nɔ teƒe aɖe le “[Nisanu] 9 lia ƒe zã me” dzi. Ke hã, agbalẽnyala siwo gblɔ be ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. mee nu ma dzɔ la lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be le ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. me la, “Nisanu ƒe ŋkeke 8 lia dzie ɣletia nɔ afi ma, ke menye ŋkeke 9 lia dzi ye o.” Esi wodze agbagba be yewoaɖo kpe edzi be ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. me kokokoe nu ma dzɔ ta la, wogblɔ be agbalẽŋlɔlawoe wɔ vodada ŋlɔ “9” le esi teƒe be woaŋlɔ “8.”²⁰ Gake ɣletia ƒe nɔƒe si dze le anyikpea ƒe fli etɔ̃lia sia dzi la sɔ kple afi si tututu ɣletia nɔ le ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. ƒe Nisanu 9 lia dzi.²¹

Eme kɔ ƒãa be ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti nyatakaka siwo dze le VAT 4956 dzi la ɖee fia kɔtɛ be ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. ye nye Nebukadnezar II ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe 37 lia. Eye esia le kpe ɖom edzi be ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem—abe ale si tututu Biblia gblɔe ene.

Nu Ka Tae Míaka Ðe Biblia Dzi?

Ŋutinyaŋlɔla akpa gãtɔ gblɔna be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. Gake Yeremiya kple Daniel, siwo ŋlɔ Biblia ƒe akpa aɖe la, gblɔ be ƒe 70 ye Yudatɔwo nɔ aboyo me ke menye ƒe 50 o. (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11; 29:10; Daniel 9:2) Nya mawo ɖee fia kɔtɛ be ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. Abe ale si anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi si me míedzro fifi laa ɖee fia ene la, nuŋlɔɖi aɖewo li siwo ɖo kpe nya sia dzi.

Agbalẽnyala geɖewo gblɔna be Biblia me nyawo mede pɛpɛpɛ o. Gake nuŋlɔɖi xoxoetɔ aɖewo siwo ŋu wova kena ɖo la ɖoa kpe edzi be nya si Biblia gblɔ lae nye nyateƒea. * Ame siwo ka ɖe Biblia dzi la maɖu ŋukpe gbeɖe o. Kpeɖodzi sẽŋu siwo li be Biblia me nyawo sɔ ɖe ŋutinyamenudzɔdzɔ kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya nu eye eme nyagblɔɖiwo vaa eme godoo la dzie wotu woƒe kakaɖedzia ɖo. Kpeɖodzi siawo na woka ɖe edzi bliboe be Mawu ƒe Nya si tso gbɔgbɔ mee Biblia nye vavã. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Ðe manyo be wò ŋutɔ nàdzro kpeɖodziawo me akpɔ oa? Godoo la, ana wò hã nàƒo nya ta be Mawu ƒe agbalẽe Biblia nye nyateƒe.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka/​Nyaɖoɖo si le axa 23]

 (Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

BABILON ŊUTI ANYIKPEDZINUŊLƆÐIWO—WO ME NYAWO MEDE TUTUTU O

Ƒe 88 siwo wogblɔna be Babilon Fiaɖuƒe Yeyea nɔ anyi la dometɔ 35 pɛ ŋu koe Babilon ŋuti anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖiwo ƒo nu tsoe.

◻ƑE SI ŊU NUŊLƆÐI AÐEKE MELE O

◼ƑE SI ŊU NUŊLƆÐI LE

BM 21901 BM 21946 BM 35382

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BABILON FIAÐUƑE YEYEA ŊƆLI PERSIATƆWO

Nabopolassar Nebukadnezar II Amel-Marduk Nabonido

Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk

↑ ↑ ↑

BM 25127 BM 22047 BM 25124

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

BM 21901 kple BM 35382: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Aɖaka/​Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 24]

ƔLETIVIŊUNUNYA ŊUTI ANYIKPEDZINUŊLƆÐI SI NYE BM 32238

Ɣeyiɣi vovovo siwo me ɣe lé ɣleti le la ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwoe le anyikpe sia dzi, gake ɣeléɣleti mamlɛtɔ si woŋlɔ ɖe edzi la dzɔ hafi wowɔ nuŋlɔɖiawo, eye gbãtɔ si woŋlɔ ɖe edzi la dzɔ ƒe 400 aɖewo do ŋgɔ na mamlɛtɔa. Esi wònye ame si ŋlɔ nu siawo mekpɔ nudzɔdzɔawo teƒe o ta la, anɔ eme be akɔntabubuwo dzie wònɔ te ɖo ƒo nya ta le ɣeyiɣi siwo me ɣeléɣleti siwo teƒe mekpɔ o dzɔ ŋu. Eya ta ne womeva ke ɖe kpeɖodzi bubu aɖeke ŋu o la, asesẽ be míaka ɖe akɔntabubu mawo dzi.

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso si le axa 24]

© The Trustees of the British Museum

 [Aɖaka/​Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 26, 27]

NYA KA TUTUTUE VAT 4956 GBLƆ?

Nu ka tae wòle be míanya? Míexlẽ le anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi sia ƒe fli etɔ̃lia dzi be le dzinu gbãtɔ (Nisanu/Nisan) ƒe “ŋkeke 9 lia ƒe zã” me la, “ɣletia va gogo ß Virginis abɔklugui ɖeka.” Gake le ƒe 1915 me la, Neugebauer kple Weidner woŋlɔ nu tso ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. (si afia be ƒe 587 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem) me nudzɔdzɔwo ŋu be, ‘Nisan 8 lia dzie ɣletia gogo ɣletivi sia abɔklugui ɖeka, ke menye Nisan 9 lia dzi ye o.’ Ke hã, le ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. me ya la, afi ma tututue ɣletia nɔ le Nisan 9 lia dzi, si ne wobu akɔnta tso edzi la, efia be 607 D.M.Ŋ. mee wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem.

Ŋkeke 8 lia dzi ye loo alo 9 lia dzi yea?

(1) Abe ale si wòdze le foto sia dzi ene la, Akkadgbe me dzeside si le tsitre ɖi na xexlẽdzesi 9 ye dze le anyikpea dzi.

(2) Esi Neugebauer kple Weidner va nɔ anyikpedzinutata sia gɔme ɖem la, wotrɔ xexlẽdzesi “9” la wòzu “8.”

(3) Etenuŋɔŋlɔa ye ɖee fia be xexlẽdzesi “9” ye nɔ nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa me.

(4) Xexlẽdzesi “8” la kee woŋlɔ ɖe woƒe German gɔmeɖeɖea hã me.

(5) Le ƒe 1988 me la, Sachs kple Hunger woɖe nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa ɖe go ale si tututu wòle, eye xexlẽdzesi “9” ye dze le edzi.

(6) Gake wogblẽ xexlẽdzesi “8” ɖe woƒe Eŋlisigbe me gbegɔmeɖeɖea me hegblɔ be “vodadae” xexlẽdzesi “9” si dze le nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa me nye.

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

bpk/​Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB/​Olaf M. Teßmer

 [Aɖaka si le axa 28]

“Ɣekaɣie Wotsrɔ̃ Blema Yerusalem?—Akpa Evelia” Ƒe Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo

1. Kunifɔm nye blema nuŋɔŋlɔmɔnu si me nuŋlɔlaa zãa nuŋlɔti si ƒe nu le dzogoe etɔ̃ me tsɔ ɖea nuŋlɔdzesi vovovowo ɖe anyikpe si meƒu haɖe o dzi.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, si A. K. Grayson ŋlɔ wota le ƒe 1975 me; esi wogbugbɔ ta le ƒe 2000 ƒe axa 8.

3. Babilon Fiaɖuƒe Yeyea dze egɔme le ƒe alafa adrelia D.M.Ŋ. me, esi Kaldeatɔwo ƒe fiaƒomea va nɔ Babilon Fiaɖuƒe bliboa dzi ɖum. Fiaɖuƒe yeye sia ƒe fia gbãtɔe nye Nabopolassar, si nye Nebukadnezar II fofo. Fiaɖuƒe yeyea ƒe ɣeyiɣia wu enu esi Persia Fia Kores va ɖe eƒe fia mamlɛtɔ Nabonido le zi dzi le 539 D.M.Ŋ. me.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, si Ellen Whitley Moore ŋlɔ, si wota le ƒe 1935 me, axa 33.

5. Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Ale si Ɣletiviŋununyala Gbãtɔwo Lé Ŋku Ðe Ɣeléɣleti Ŋu Hegblɔ Ɣeyiɣi Siwo Me Woadzɔ Ði,” si John M. Steele ŋlɔ eye wotae le ƒe 2000 me, axa 36.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, si Ronald H. Sack ŋlɔ wota le ƒe 1972 me, axa 3.

7. Ɣletiŋkeke siwo woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpe siwo nye BM 80920 kple BM 58872 dzi la nye Evil-merodach ƒe zidzivaƒe ƒe ɣleti enelia kple atɔ̃lia. Sack ŋlɔ nu tso anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi siawo ŋu le agbalẽ si nye Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates me, axa 3, 90, 106.

8. Ƒe 43 lia ƒe ɣleti ewolia mee wowɔ anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi si nye BM 55806, si le Britain Blemanudzraɖoƒea.

9. Fia Evil-merodach ƒe ƒe mamlɛtɔ (evelia) ƒe ɣleti adrelia kple ewolia ye woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpe siwo nye BM 75106 kple BM 61325 dzi. Gake fia si va xɔ ɖe eteƒe, si nye Neriglissar, ƒe zidzivaƒe ƒe ɣleti evelia ye woŋlɔ ɖe esi nye BM 75489 ya dzi.—Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Babla 8 lia, (Anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi Siwo Tso Sippar 3 lia) si Erle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, kple C.B.F. Walker ŋlɔ le ƒe 1988 me, axa 25, 35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Babla 7 lia, (Anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi Siwo Tso Sippar 2 lia) si Erle Leichty kple A. K. Grayson ŋlɔ le ƒe 1987 me, axa 36.

Neriglissar—King of Babylon, si Ronald H. Sack ŋlɔ le ƒe 1994 me, axa 232. Ɣleti si woŋlɔ ɖe anyikpea dzie nye Ajaru (ɣleti evelia).

10. Bu Neriglissar ƒe kpɔɖeŋua ŋu kpɔ. Fiawo ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi aɖe gblɔ tso eŋu be ‘enye Babilon fia Bêl-shum-ishkun viŋutsu.’ Nuŋlɔɖi bubu yɔ Bêl-shum-ishkun be “fiavi nyanu la.” Nya rubû, si gɔme woɖe be “fiavi” la nye dzesideŋkɔ si wogate ŋu zãna na “fia, alo dziɖula.” Esi wònye edze ƒãa be ɣeyiɣi si me Neriglissar kple Amel-Marduk, si nɔ zia dzi do ŋgɔ nɛ, ɖu dzi la mede nu wo nɔewo me o ta la, ɖe wòate ŋu anɔ eme be dometsotso si nɔ fia eve siawo ƒe dziɖuɖu dome la mee Bêl-shum-ishkun ɖu fiaa? Nufialagã R. P. Dougherty lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be “ame aɖeke mate ŋu agbe kpeɖodzi siwo li be bubu gã aɖe le dzidzime si me Neriglissar tso ŋu la o.”—Nabonidus and Belshazzar—A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, si Raymond P. Dougherty ŋlɔ le ƒe 1929 me, axa 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Babla 5 lia, si ŋu Hermann Hunger trɔ asi le wota le ƒe 2001 me, axa 2-3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Babla 2 lia, No. 4, 1948, “Seleucid Ƒe Ɣeyiɣia Me Ɣletiviŋununya Ŋuti Anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖi Siwo Woɖo Ðe Ðoɖo Nu,” si A. Sachs ta, axa 282-283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Babla 5 lia, axa 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, si David Brown ŋlɔ le ƒe 2000 me, axa 164, 201-202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1/2, Januari-Maart, 1993, “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid and Seleucid History,” si R. J. van der Spek ŋlɔ, axa 94, 102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Babla I, si Abraham J. Sachs ŋlɔ eye Hermann Hunger va to eme hewu enu, si wota le ƒe 1988 me, axa 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, si Peter J. Huber kple Salvo De Meis ŋlɔ, wotae le ƒe 2004 me, axa 186. VAT 4956 dzi nyawo fia be Babilontɔwo ƒe ɣleti etɔ̃lia ƒe ŋkeke 15 lia dzie ɣeléɣleti sia dzɔ, si le fiafiam be ɣleti si nye Simanu dze egɔme ŋkeke 15 va yi. Ne July 15, ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. dzie ɣeléɣleti sia dzɔ, abe ale si Julian ɣletigbalẽa ɖee fiae ene la, ke Simanu ƒe ŋkeke gbãtɔ anye June 30 kple July 1, ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. Esia afia be Babilontɔwo ƒe ɣleti gbãtɔa (Nisanu) dze ƒe yeyea gɔme ɣleti eve do ŋgɔ, le May 2 kple 3 dzi. Togbɔ be le ɖoɖoa nu la, April 3 kple 4 dzie ƒe si me ɣeléɣleti sia dzɔ la adze egɔme tsoe hã la, VAT 4956 ƒe fli 6 gblɔ be wotsɔ ɣleti bubu (si mevana ƒe sia ƒe o) kpe ƒe si do ŋgɔ nɛ ƒe ɣleti wuievelia (Addaru, si nye ƒea ƒe ɣleti mamlɛtɔ). (Anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖia gblɔ be: “Ɣleti si wotsɔ kpe wuievelia ƒe ŋkeke enyilia.”) Esia wɔe be ƒe si kplɔe ɖo va dze egɔme tso May 2 kple 3 dzi. Eya ta ŋkeke si dzi ɣeléɣletia dzɔ le ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. me la wɔ ɖeka kple anyikpedzinuŋlɔɖia pɛpɛpɛ.

18. Agbalẽ si nye Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Saxoniatɔwo Ƒe Fiaƒomea Ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Habɔbɔ Si Le Leipzig Ƒe Numedzodzro Ŋuti Nyatakakawo); Babla 67 lia; May 1, 1915; ƒe nyati si nye “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (Ɣletiviŋutinunyala Aɖe Ƒe Nuŋlɔɖi Si Wòwɔ Le Nebukadnezar II Ƒe Ƒe 37 Lia Me), si Paul V. Neugebauer kple Ernst F. Weidner ŋlɔ, axa 67-76, gblɔ be ɣletia ƒe nɔƒe 13 siwo le ƒomedodo aɖe me kple ɣletiviwo ƒe nɔƒewo ŋue yewolé ŋku ɖo. Wolé ŋku ɖe ɣletinyigbawo ƒe nɔƒe vovovo 15 hã ŋu. (Axa 72-76) Togbɔ be kunifɔm nuŋɔŋlɔdzesi si gɔmee nye ɣleti, dze le nuŋlɔɖia dzi wòɖe dzesi hã la, dzesi siwo wowɔ tsɔ fia ɣletinyigbawo dometɔ aɖewo ƒe ŋkɔwo kple afi si wonɔ ya medze tututu o. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy—Astrology, si David Brown ŋlɔ eye wotae le ƒe 2000 me; eƒe axa 53-57) Esia wɔe be amewo kpa nya vovovowo gblɔ le ɣletinyigba siawo nɔƒe ŋu. Esi wònye be ele bɔbɔe be woanya ɣletia toƒe ta la, woate ŋu awɔ numekuku tso ɣletinyigba mawo kple afi si wonɔ le ɣletiŋkeke aɖe dzi la ŋu, elabena VAT 4956 dzi nuŋlɔɖia yɔ afi si tututu ɣletia nɔ na wo le ŋkeke aɖewo dzi.

18a. Dometsotso siawo nye ɣeyiɣi si tsoa ɣeɖoto kple dzinuɖoto dome le ɣletia ƒe ŋkeke gbãtɔ dzi kple ŋkeke eve bubuwo le ɣletia me. Agbalẽnyala aɖewo de dometsotso siawo ɣletigbalẽ dzi. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” si F. R. Stephenson kple David M. Willis woŋlɔ le agbalẽ si nye Under One Sky—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East me; emegbe John M. Steele kple Annette Imhausen woto eme, eye wotae le ƒe 2002 me, axa 420-428) Hafi blematɔ siawo nate ŋu alé ŋku ɖe ɣeyiɣi siawo ŋu wòade pɛpɛpɛ la, ele be gaƒoɖokui nanɔ wo si. Gake esi wònye gaƒoɖokui menɔ anyi o ta la, kakaɖedzi mele woƒe nyataƒoƒowo ŋu o. (Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” si John M. Steele ŋlɔ woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 2000 me, axa 65-66) Gake kakaɖedzi le akɔnta siwo wobu te ŋu kpɔ afi si ɣletia nɔ na dziƒoŋunu bubuawo le ɣeyiɣi aɖewo dzi ya ŋu.

19. Ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti kɔmpiuta dzi dɔwɔɖoɖo si nye TheSky6™ ye wozã tsɔ wɔ numekuku sia. Wozã Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) kple blema ɣletiŋkekewo ŋuti nunya mɔ̃ si ŋu Amerikatɔwo trɔ asi le hã. Esi wònye amewo kpa nya geɖe gblɔ tso cuneiform dzesi siwo fia afi si ɣletinyigbawo dometɔ geɖe nɔ ŋu ta la, menye woawɔe wozã le numekuku sia me be woatsɔ aɖo kpe ƒe si woyɔ le ɣletiviŋununya ŋuti nuŋlɔɖikpe sia dzi o.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Saxoniatɔwo Ƒe Fiaƒomea Ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Habɔbɔ Si Le Leipzig Ƒe Numedzodzro Ŋuti Nyatakakawo); Babla 67; May 1, 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (Ɣletiviŋutinunyala Aɖe Ƒe Nuŋlɔɖi Si Wòwɔ Le Nebukadnezar II Ƒe Ƒe 37 Lia Me), si Paul V. Neugebauer kple Ernst F. Weidner ŋlɔ, axa 41.

21. Míexlẽ le VAT 4956 ƒe fli etɔ̃lia dzi be: “Ɣletia va gogo ß Virginis abɔklugui ɖeka [alo digri 2].” Akɔntabubu si ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe va yi la ɖee fia be le Nisanu 9 lia dzi la, ɣletia gogo ß Virginis ɣletivi sia digri 2 kple kakɛ 4. Wogblɔ be akɔntabubu sia sɔ ale gbegbe.

[Nyaɖoɖo si le axa 25]

 (Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

ƑE KA DZIE VAT 4956 TƆ ASII BE EYA MEE WOTSRƆ̃ YERUSALEM—ƑE 587 D.M.Ŋ. YE LOO ALO 607 D.M.Ŋ. YEA?

◼ Anyikpe sia ƒo nu tso dziƒoŋunuwo ŋuti nudzɔdzɔ aɖewo siwo yi edzi le Fia Nebukadnezar II ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe 37 lia me ŋu.

◼ Nebukadnezar II ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe ƒe 18 lia mee wòtsrɔ̃ Yerusalem.—Yeremiya 32:1.

Ne ƒe 568 D.M.Ŋ. ye nye

Nebukadnezar II ƒe

ƒe 37 lia la, ke afia be ƒe

587 D.M.Ŋ. mee

587 ← ← wòtsrɔ̃ Yerusalem.

610 D.M.Ŋ. 600 590 580 570 560

607 ← ← Ne ƒe 588 D.M.Ŋ. ye nye Nebukadnezar II

ƒe ƒe 37 lia la, ke efia be ƒe

607 D.M.Ŋ. mee wòtsrɔ̃ Yerusalem,

eye esia sɔ ɖe Biblia ƒe akɔntabubu nu.

◼ VAT 4956 dzi nuŋlɔɖiawo le asi tɔm ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. dzi wu.

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 22]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum