Nu Vovovowo—Wole Vevie na Agbenɔnɔ

LE ƑE 1840-awo me la, amesiwo nɔ Ireland ƒe xexlẽme gbɔ miliɔn enyi ŋu, si na wònye dukɔ si me tɔwo sɔ gbɔ wu ɖesiaɖe le Europa. Yevutee nye nusi woɖuna koŋ, eye hatsotso ɖeka aɖe si woyɔna be lumper ƒe agblee wodena wu.

Le ƒe 1845 me la, agbledelawo de woƒe yevutegblea pɛpɛpɛ, gake dɔ dze wo dzi hetsrɔ̃ agbleawo katã kloe. Paul Raeburn ŋlɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Last Harvest—The Genetic Gamble That Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture me be: “Irelandtɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ te ŋu to ƒe sesẽ ma me do. Ƒe si kplɔe ɖo mee nuwo gblẽ ɖe edzi kura. Naneke meli agbledelaawo nawɔ tsɔ wu be woagado yevute mawo ke o. Eƒomevi bubu aɖeke menɔ wo si o. Yevutedɔa gado ake, eye fifia ya enu sẽ ale gbegbe. Fukpekpe si wòhe vɛ la wu gbɔgblɔ.” Ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo bui be dɔ wu amesiwo ade miliɔn 1 woku, eye ame miliɔn 1.5 ʋu dzo, wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ yi United States. Amesiwo kpɔtɔ la kpe hiãkame vɔ̃ɖivɔ̃ɖi ƒe fu.

Le Andes si le Anyiehe Amerika la, agbledelawo dea yevute ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe agble, eye wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo koe yevutedɔa ɖe fu na. Eyata nu dziŋɔ aɖeke medzɔ le afima o. Edze ƒã be numiemie ƒomevi vovovowo kple woƒe hatsotso vovovoawo nyea takpɔkpɔ. Nuku ɖeka ƒomevi ƒe agbledede mewɔ ɖeka kple nuwo takpɔkpɔ  ƒe mɔnu vevi sia o eye wònaa dɔ kple lãvi gblẽnuwo te ŋu dzea numiemiewo dzi bɔbɔe, si ate ŋu agblẽ nuto aɖe ƒe nuku akpa gãtɔ dome. Susu sia tae agbledela geɖe wɔa nukugblẽnuwutikewo, gbewutikewo, kple dɔlékuiwutikewo ŋudɔ ɖo, togbɔ be atike siawo gblẽa nu le nutoa me ŋu hã.

Ekema nukatae agbledelawo ɖɔa li nuku ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe agbledede kple ɖeka ŋkume tɔ ɖo? Zi geɖe la, ganyawo ƒe sesẽ tae. Woka ɖe edzi be ne wode agblemenuku ɖeka ƒomevi ƒe agble la, nuawo ŋeŋe nɔa bɔbɔe, nukuawo nya kpɔna, mete ŋu gblẽna bɔbɔe o, eye wòwɔna nyuie wu. Ƒe 1960-awo mee wodze tɔtrɔ ɖe mɔnu sia ŋu gɔme vevie eye wova tsɔ ŋkɔ nɛ be nukuwo ƒaƒã le agbɔsɔsɔ me.

Nukuwo Ƒaƒã le Agbɔsɔsɔ Me

To dziɖuɖuwo kple habɔbɔwo ƒe ɖoɖo sẽŋuwo dzi la, woƒo nya ɖe agbledela siwo le anyigba siwo dzi dɔ ate ŋu ato le la nu be woaƒã nuku ɖeka ƒomevi aɖe si wɔna nyuie ŋutɔ, vevietɔ mɔli kple lu, ɖe nuku ƒomevi vovovo siwo woƒãna la teƒe. Wokafu nuku “wɔnu” siawo be wonye dɔwuame si le xexeame la gbɔ kpɔnu. Gake woƒe asi mebɔbɔ o—woxɔ asi wu esiwo nɔ anyi la zi gbɔ zi etɔ̃. Woƒe nyonyo hã nɔ te ɖe atikewo zazã, tsɔ kpe ɖe anyigbanyonuwo kple mɔ̃ xɔasiwo abe anyigbadzobomɔ̃wo ene ŋu dzi koŋ. Ke hã to dziɖuɖuwo ƒe gakpekpeɖeŋu nana me la, wodze nukuwo ƒaƒã le agbɔsɔsɔ me gɔme. Raeburn gblɔ be: “Togbɔ be exɔ na ame miliɔn gbogbowo tso dɔwuame si me hã la, eva le ŋɔdzi dom na xexeame ƒe nuɖuɖu kpɔkpɔ ƒe kelili azɔ.”

Ne míagblɔe la, nukuwo ƒaƒã le agbɔsɔsɔ me he viɖe vɛ ɣeyiɣi kpui gake ede ɣeyiɣi didi si le ŋgɔ la afɔku me. Eteƒe medidi o, agblemenuku ɖeka ƒomevi ƒe agbledede va bɔ ɖe anyigbagã blibowo dzi—esime anyigbanyonu zazã atraɖii na gbewo va le totom kabakaba, eye lãwutikewo tsrɔ̃a nudzodzoe siwo ŋu viɖe le kple esiwo gblẽa nu siaa ɖa. Le tɔba siwo me wodea mɔligblewo ɖo me la, atike vɔ̃ɖiwo wu tɔmelãwo, bɔluwo, agalãwo, akpɔkplɔwo, kpakple amagbe ɖuɖuawo kple numiemiewo—esiwo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ nye nuɖuɖu vevi bubuwo. Atike siwo ŋudɔ agbledelawo wɔna edziedzi hã wɔe be aɖi si wo dometɔ aɖewo.

Ðk. Mae-Wan Ho, amesi nye nufiala le Nugbagbeŋutinunya Fiaƒe le Open Yunivɛsiti le United Kingdom ŋlɔ bena: “Fifia ɖikeke aɖeke mele eŋu o be nuku ɖeka ƒomevi ƒe agbledede si woto vɛ tso ‘Nukuwo Ƒaƒã le Agbɔsɔsɔ Me’ ƒe ɣeyiɣia me gblẽ nu le nuku ƒomevi vovovowo kple nuɖuɖu ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋu le xexeame godoo.” Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Agblededehabɔbɔ gblɔ be agblemenukuwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu vovovo siwo dea vovototo nukuwo dome si nɔ anyi ƒe alafa ɖeka enye si va yi la ƒomevi 75 le alafa me bu fifia, vevietɔ le mɔ̃ɖaŋugbledemɔnuwo ta.

Agbalẽ aɖe si Ŋkuléle Ðe Xexeame Ŋu Habɔbɔ ta xlɔ̃ nu be “míaƒe asitɔtrɔ le nuku ƒomevi aɖewo ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ ŋu be wòazu ɖeka tɔgbe nye numiemiewo dede afɔku gã aɖe me le woƒe nutowo me.” Aleke woawɔ akpɔ afɔku siawo gbɔ? Ebia be woadi agblededeŋutinunyalawo kple atike nyuiwo kpakple ga si agbledelawo azã. Ke hã kakaɖedzi aɖeke meli be woakpɔ nusiawo o. Asitɔtrɔ le nukuwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋu be wòazu ɖeka tɔgbe gbɔe blidɔ vɔ̃ɖi si gblẽ nu le United States kple mɔli hekta 200,000 si tsrɔ̃ le Indonesia la tso. Gake le ƒe  siawo me la, wole tɔtrɔ yeye aɖe gɔme dzem le agbledede me, esi nye asitɔtrɔ le nuwo ƒe agbedzɔtsoƒe—woƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu—la ŋu.

Numiemiewo ƒe Tɔtrɔ Yeye

Nusɔsrɔ̃ tso domenyiŋusẽ ŋu na be woɖo dɔwɔƒe kpɔdzidzedze yeye aɖe si woyɔ be nugbagbewo ƒe dzɔdzɔmetɔtrɔɖaŋu. Abe alesi ŋkɔa fia ene la, eku ɖe nugbagbeŋutinunya kple egbegbe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ŋudɔwɔwɔ to nugbagbewo ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ me ŋu. Dɔwɔƒe yeye siwo yɔm wole be nugbagbetɔtrɔɖaŋu dɔwɔƒe siawo dometɔ aɖewo bi ɖe agbledede me eye wole dɔ wɔm vevie be yewoato nuku siwo awɔ nyuie, woanɔ te ɖe dɔléle, kuɖiɖi, kple fafa nu eye womahiã aɖitikewo o la vɛ. Ahe viɖe gbogbowo vɛ ne wote ŋu ɖo taɖodzinu siawo gbɔ. Gake ame aɖewo tsi dzi ɖe nukuwo ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ ŋu.

Agbalẽ si nye Genetic Engineering, Food, and Our Environment gblɔ be: “Le dzɔdzɔme nu la, wowɔ numiemie ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe domenyiŋutete vaseɖe afi aɖe. Woate ŋu atsɔ rose-seƒoƒo ƒomevi aɖe atsaka kple rose-seƒoƒo ƒomevi bubu ahakpɔ rose yeye aɖe kura, gake womate ŋu atsɔ rose alé ɖe yevute ŋu wòanyo o. . . . Gake nugbagbe ƒe agbedomenyiŋusẽ tɔtrɔ fia be woatsɔ domenyiŋusẽ atso nugbagbe ƒomevi aɖe me ade nugbagbe ƒomevi bubu kura me be wòatrɔ ɖe nɔnɔme yeye aɖe si dim wole me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, esia ate ŋu afia be woatia agbedomenyiŋusẽ aɖe si me woate ŋu aɖe atikemenu vevi si nana be fafa megblẽa nu le tɔmelã (abe flounder ene) si le xexeame ƒe akpa si sno le ŋu o la, ade yevute alo strawberry me ale be wòate ŋu amie le afisi sno le. Fifia wote ŋu ɖea agbedomenyiŋusẽ tso nugbagbevi suesuewo, dɔlékuiwo, nudzodzoewo, lã alo amegbetɔwo gɔ̃ hã me dea numiemiewo me bɔbɔe.” * Nusi fiam wòle enye be, nugbagbewo ƒe dzɔdzɔmetɔtrɔɖaŋu le mɔ ɖem na amegbetɔwo be woate ŋu atrɔ asi le dzɔdzɔmedomenyiŋusẽ si de vovototo nuwo me ŋu bɔbɔe.

Numiemiewo ƒe tɔtrɔ yeyea hã he nuku ƒomevi ɖeka ƒaƒã ƒe kuxi vɛ abe nukuwo ƒaƒã le agbɔsɔsɔ me ke ene—ame aɖewo be eya tɔ gade ŋgɔ wu elabena numiemieŋutinunyalawo ate ŋu ade agbedomenyiŋusẽa nu bubuwo me, eye nuwɔna sia ana be woƒe nɔnɔme naɖi esi me woɖe wo tsoe ƒe nɔnɔme pɛpɛpɛ. Eyata kuxia gakpɔtɔ li be woatsrɔ̃ dzɔdzɔmenu ƒomevi vovovowo ɖa. Gake numiemie siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le fɔ nya yeyewo, abe nusi wòate ŋu agblẽ le amegbetɔwo kple nutoa me ŋu ene, ɖe te. Jeremy Rifkin, si ŋlɔa nu tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋu, gblɔ be: “Míetsɔ afɔtsɔtsɔe kple numanya le tɔtrɔm ɖe nugbagbewo ƒe dzɔdzɔmetɔtrɔɖaŋu ƒe agbledede ŋu kple mɔkpɔkpɔ geɖewo, mɔxeɖenu suewo, kple emetsonuwo manyamanyae.” *

Ke hã ŋutete si li be woate ŋu atrɔ asi le agbe ŋu to domenyiŋusẽfianu dzi nye nusi ate ŋu ahe viɖe geɖe vɛ, eyata wole ʋiʋlia dzi be woato nuku yeyewo kple nugbagbe bubuwo vɛ. Vaseɖe fifia la, numiemie aɖewo ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa kura kpɔtɔ le edzi yim. Abe alesi míegblɔe do ŋgɔ ene la, dziɖuɖuwo kple dɔwɔƒe aɖewo ɖo nukudzraɖoƒewo be woaƒo asa na afɔkuwo. Ðe nudzraɖoƒe siawo ate ŋu ana míaƒe dzidzimeviwo nava kpɔ nuku ƒomevi vovovowo aƒã ahaŋea?

Nukudzraɖoƒewo—Nuwo Tsɔtsrɔ̃ Ða Kura Gbɔ Kpɔnuea?

Dziɖuɖu ƒe Abɔ si le Kew, England, tso ɖe nusi woyɔ be “dukɔwo dome nuwo takpɔkpɔ gãtɔ kekeake si woɖo anyi kpɔ” ŋu—si nye Ƒe Akpe Yeyea ƒe Nukudzraɖoƒe. Dɔwɔƒe sia ƒe taɖodzinu vevitɔwoe nye be (1) va ɖo ƒe 2010 me la, woafɔ xexeame ƒe nuku hamehame siwo tsea ku alafa memama 10—si nye nuku ƒomevi vovovo 24,000—adzra ɖo eye (2) hafi ɣemaɣi naɖo la, woaƒo nuku siwo katã le United Kingdom ƒe kuwo nu ƒu adzra ɖo. Dukɔ bubuwo  hã ɖo nukudzraɖoƒewo, alo agbedomenyiŋusẽ dzraɖoƒewo, si nye alesi woyɔa woe ɣeaɖewoɣi.

Nugbagbeŋutinunyala John Tuxill gblɔ be nuku miliɔn geɖe siwo wodzra ɖo ɖe nukudzraɖoƒewo ƒe akpa 90 le alafa me ya teti nye esiwo me wokpɔa nuɖuɖu kple ŋudɔwɔnu veviwo le. Wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewoe nye lu, mɔli, bli, ƒo, yevute, sabala, gbegãdzi, foŋfoŋ, ɖeti, kple ayi ƒomevi vovovowo. Gake nukuwo nye nugbagbe siwo nɔa agbe zi alesi ŋusẽ si le wo me kpɔtɔ le agbe ko. Ekema ɖe míate ŋu aɖo ŋu ɖe nukudzraɖoƒewo ŋua?

Kuxi Siwo Le Nudzraɖoƒea

Ebia ga be nudzraɖoƒewo nanɔ dɔ dzi—Tuxill gblɔ be ade dɔlar miliɔn 300 ƒe sia ƒe. Egblɔ be ɖewohĩ ga home sia gɔ̃ hã made o, “elabena nuku siwo le nudzraɖoƒewo ƒe alafa memama 13 koe le takpɔkpɔ nyuitɔ me be wòanɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi didi.” Esi wònye be nuku siwo mele takpɔkpɔ nyuitɔ me o manɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi didi o ta la, ele be woaƒã wo kaba ale be woate ŋu agaŋe nuku siwo ado tso wo me; ne menye nenema o la, nukudzraɖoƒewo ava zu nuku kuku dzraɖoƒewo ko. Nyateƒee, dɔ sia bia dɔwɔla geɖe, si wɔe be gakpɔkpɔ na dɔwɔnu siwo hiã la gasesẽ ɖe edzi.

Agbalẽ si nye Seeds of Change—The Living Treasure ɖe nu me be Dukɔa ƒe Nukuwo Dzadzraɖo Dokpɔƒe si le Colorado, U.S.A., “to kuxi sesẽ geɖe me, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye akaɖitsitsi, nufamɔ̃wo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ, kple dɔwɔlawo ƒe agbɔmasɔmasɔ si na be nuku gbogbo aɖewo li siwo ŋu womewɔ nuŋlɔɖi aɖeke le da ɖi o.” Nukudzraɖoƒewo ate ŋu akpe fu le dunyahehe me tɔtɔ, ganyawo ƒe kemalimali, kple dzɔdzɔmefɔkuwo hã si me.

Nuwo dzradzraɖo ɣeyiɣi didi hea kuxi bubuwo hã vɛ. Ne numiemiewo le wo ɖokui si le woƒe dzɔdzɔme nɔƒe la, ŋutete nɔa wo ŋu be woate ŋu atrɔ ɖe nɔnɔmewo nu vaseɖe afi aɖe, eye esia na wote ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔléle kple kuxi bubuwo nu. Gake le nukudzraɖoƒe, afisi wole wo ta kpɔm le la, woava bu woƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutete ma le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo megbe. Gake nuku geɖe siwo ta wokpɔ nyuie ate ŋu anɔ anyi ƒe alafa geɖe hafi wòahiã be woagbugbɔ wo aƒã. Togbɔ be mɔxeɖenu kple ɖikeke siawo li hã la, nukudzraɖoƒewo ɖoɖo fia be amewo le dzi tsim ɖe amegbetɔƒomea ƒe agblemenukuwo ƒe etsɔme ŋu geɖe wu.

Le nyateƒe me la, mɔ nyuitɔ kekeake si dzi woato aɖe numiemiewo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa kura dzi akpɔtɔ enye be woakpɔ woƒe dzɔdzɔme nɔƒewo ta eye woagalé fɔ ɖe agblemenuku vovovowo ƒaƒã ŋu. Gake Tuxill gblɔ be hafi woate ŋu awɔ esia la, ele be “míakpɔ dadasɔ yeye le amegbetɔwo ƒe nuhiahiãwo kple dzɔdzɔmenuwo ƒe nuhiahiãwo gome.” Gake aleke wòate ŋu adzɔe be míabu eŋu be amegbetɔwo ‘akpɔ dadasɔ yeye’ le wo kple dzɔdzɔmenuwo dome esime wokpɔtɔ le adzɔnuwo kple gakpɔmɔnu yeyewo dim moveviɖoɖotɔe? Abe alesi míekpɔe ene la, agbledede gɔ̃ hã va trɔ zu mɔ̃ɖaŋu kple asitsatsa me gakpɔmɔnu gã aɖe le xexeame. Ele be míakpɔ ŋuɖoɖo bubu aɖe.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

 [Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Agbledela La—‘Amesi Ðo Afɔku Meea’?

AGBALẼ si nye World Watch gblɔ be: “Tso ƒe 1950 me la, amesiwo nɔ agbledɔ wɔm ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ɖiɖi kura le mɔ̃ɖaŋudukɔwo katã me, le teƒe aɖewo la, eɖiɖi wu ame 80 le alafa me.” Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le United States la, gaxɔmenɔlawo sɔ gbɔ wu agbledelawo fifia. Nukae na ame gbogbo siawo le asi ɖem le agbledɔ ŋu?

Susu vevitɔwoe nye gamakpɔmakpɔ, fenyinyi le agbledede me, hiãkame ƒe bɔbɔ, kple mɔ̃ɖaŋugbledede ƒe dzidziɖedzi. Le ƒe 1910 me la, agbledela siwo le United States kpɔna abe cent 40 ene le dɔlar ɖeka ɖesiaɖe si nuƒlelawo zãna ɖe nuɖuɖu ŋu me, gake va ɖo ƒe 1997 me la, esi agbledelawo kpɔna ɖiɖi va ɖo abe cent 7 ko ene. World Watch gblɔ be lugbledela “kpɔa cent 6 le yevubolo dɔlar ɖeka ɖesiaɖe si woaƒle me.” Esia fia be ga si nuƒlelawo xena wòɖoa agbledela gbɔ ɖe eƒe luwo ta sɔ kple esi woxena ɖe pepa si wotsɔ bla yevuboloa ta. Le dukɔ madeŋgɔwo me la, agbledelawo ƒe nu gawɔ nublanui kura wu. Ne nukuwo mewɔ nyuie le ƒe aɖe me o la, agbledela si le Australia alo Europa ate ŋu ado ga le gadzraɖoƒe si alée ɖe te; Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrikatɔ ya ɖeko wòaɖe asi le kodzi ŋu. Ðewohĩ makpɔ nu aɖu atsi agbe gɔ̃ hã o.

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 7]

“Nuku ɖeka ƒomevi ƒe agbledede si woto vɛ tso ‘Nukuwo Ƒaƒã le Agbɔsɔsɔ Me’ ƒe ɣeyiɣia me gblẽ nu le nuku ƒomevi vovovowo kple nuɖuɖu ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋu le xexeame godoo.”—Ðk. Mae-Wan Ho

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Background: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Centro Internacional de Megoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 8]

Ƒe Akpe Yeyea ƒe Nukudzraɖoƒe si le England le nuku veviwo ta kpɔm

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Trustees of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew